In a dose-dependent manner, amoxicillin (Amoxycillin) (1-100 µM; 24 hours; L. acidophilus) reduces living cells and increases the degree of cell wall rupture[1].

Rat survival rates are increased when rats are given amoxicillin (Amoxycillin) at a dose of 7 mg/kg (i.h.; female ICR/Swiss mice) and strain numbers are inhibited[2].
Swiss albino mice given amoxicillin (also known as amoxycillin) (1.6–9.5 mg/kg; p.o.; daily, for 7 or 14 days) are protected against chlamydia trachomatis infection[3].

Animal Model: Female ICR/Swiss mice[2]
Dosage: 7 mg/kg
Administration: Subcutaneous injection: every eight hours for a full day
Result: exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on the number of bacteria.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Amoxicillin is approximately 60% bioavailable. A 250mg dose of oral amoxicillin reaches a Cmax 3.93±1.13mg/L with a Tmax 1.31±0.33h and an AUC of 27.29±4.72mg\*h/L. A 875mg dose of oral amoxicillin reaches a Cmax 11.21±3.42mg/L with a Tmax 1.52±0.40h and an AUC of 55.04±12.68mg\*h/L.
125mg to 1g doses of amoxicillin are 70-78% eliminated in the urine after 6 hours.
The central volume of distribution of amoxicillin is 27.7L.
The mean clearance of amoxicillin is 21.3L/h.
... A 48 year-old woman was admitted because of pneumococcal meningitis. After 4 days on high-dose amoxicillin (320 mg/kg/day), she developed acute oliguric renal failure and amoxicillin crystallization was documented by infrared spectrometry. The outcome was favorable after amoxicillin dosage tapering, together with one single hemodialysis session and further hydratation. Amoxicillin is mainly excreted in the urine in its unchanged form.
Amoxicillin diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids, with the exception of brain and spinal fluid, except when meninges are inflamed. In blood serum, amoxicillin is approximately 20% protein-bound. Following a 1 gram dose and utilizing a special skin window technique to determine levels of the antibiotic, it was noted that therapeutic levels were found in the interstitial fluid.
Although presence of food in the GI tract reportedly results in lower and delayed peak serum concentrations of amoxicillin, the total amount of drug absorbed does not appear to be affected.
Amoxicillin was studied in normal subjects after intravenous, oral, and intramuscular administration of 250-, 500-, and 1,000-mg doses. Serum drug levels were analyzed using a two-compartment open model, as well as area under the curve (AUC) and urinary recovery. The variations of these pharmacokinetic parameters were then examined using the three-way analysis of variance and linear regression equations. These results confirmed nearly complete oral absorption: AUC was 93% of intravenous absorption, and urinary recovery was 86%. The intramuscular administration of amoxicillin results in complete and reliable absorption with peak drug levels, AUCs, and urinary recovery equivalent to oral dosage. The absorption of lyophilized amoxicillin after intramuscular injection resulted in an AUC that was 92% of intravenous absorption and urinary recovery of 91%. The peak serum levels, time to peak, and other pharmacokinetic parameters for intramuscular injection were nearly identical to those for oral administration. Kinetics of both intramuscular and oral administration exhibited dose-dependent absorption (absorption rate constant, 1.3/hr for 250 mg and 0.7/hr for 1,000 mg). This resulted in relatively later and lower peak serum levels for increasing dose. Total absorption, however, showed no dose dependence, as indicated by urinary recovery and AUC, which changed by less than 10%.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for AMOXICILLIN (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Incubation with human liver microsomes has lead to the detection of 7 metabolites. The M1 metabolite has undergone hydroxylation, M2 has undergone oxidative deamination, M3 to M5 have undergone oxidation of the aliphatic chain, M6 has undergone decarboxylation, and M7 has undergone glucuronidation.

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Biological Half-Life
The half life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes.
The half-life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes.

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Amoxicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients on penicillin therapy including amoxicillin. Although anaphylaxis is more frequent following parenteral therapy, it has occurred in patients on oral penicillins. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity and/or a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens. There have been reports of individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity who have experienced severe reactions when treated with cephalosporins. Before initiating therapy with amoxicillin, careful inquiry should be made regarding previous hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins, or other allergens. If an allergic reaction occurs, amoxicillin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted. There was no evidence of any association between use of these drugs and the incidence or type of congenital malformation. There was no association with use of these drugs and intrauterine growth retardation or perinatal death, but there was a significant difference in the rate of prematurity in the users (8.9%) compared with nonusers (6.5%). ANIMAL STUDIES: Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. There was no evidence of harm to the fetus due to amoxicillin. However, 100 ug/mL amoxicillin altered rat renal development in vitro. Prolonged use of amoxicillin might have a negative effect on bone formation around implants. Studies to detect mutagenic potential of amoxicillin alone have not been conducted; however, the following information is available from tests on a 4:1 mixture of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate. Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate was non-mutagenic in the Ames bacterial mutation assay, and the yeast gene conversion assay. Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate was weakly positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate was negative in the mouse micronucleus test and in the dominant lethal assay in mice.

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Interactions
Amoxicillin may affect the gut flora, leading to lower estrogen reabsorption and reduced efficacy of combined oral estrogen/progesterone contraceptives.
Concomitant use of penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, carbenicillin) may decrease renal clearance of methotrexate, presumably by inhibiting renal tubular secretion of the drug. Increased serum concentrations of methotrexate, resulting in GI or hematologic toxicity, have been reported in patients receiving concomitant administration of low- or high-dose methotrexate therapy with penicillins. Patients receiving methotrexate and penicillins concomitantly should be monitored carefully.
Chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines may interfere with the bactericidal effects of penicillin. This has been demonstrated in vitro; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is not well documented.
Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin. Concurrent use of amoxicillin and probenecid may result in increased and prolonged blood levels of amoxicillin.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for AMOXICILLIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Metabolic response of Lactobacillus acidophilus exposed to amoxicillin. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2022 May;75(5):268-281.

[2]. In vivo activities of amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate against Streptococcus pneumoniae: application to breakpoint determinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Sep;42(9):2375-9.

[3]. Activity of oral amoxicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline against infection with chlamydia trachomatis in mice. J Infect Dis. 1979 Jun;139(6):717-9.

[4]. Amoxicillin, a new penicillin antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1973 Feb;3(2):262-5.

[5]. Introduction: historical perspective and development of amoxicillin/clavulanate. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Dec;30 Suppl 2:S109-12.

Therapeutic Uses
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Infections of the Ear, Nose, and Throat: Amoxicillin capsules are indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY beta-lactamase-negative) isolates of Streptococcus species. (alpha- and beta-hemolytic isolates only), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., or Haemophilus influenzae. /Included in US product labeling/
Infections of the Genitourinary Tract: Amoxicillin capsules are indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY beta-lactamase-negative) isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, or Enterococcus faecalis. /Included in US product labeling/
Infections of the Skin and Skin Structure: Amoxicillin capsules are indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY beta-lactamase-negative) isolates of Streptococcus spp. (alpha- and beta-hemolytic isolates only), Staphylococcus spp., or E. coli. /Included in US product labeling/
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for AMOXICILLIN (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats /and/ there was no evidence of harm to the fetus due to amoxicillin. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, amoxicillin should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
A high percentage of patients with mononucleosis who receive amoxicillin develop an erythematous skin rash. Thus amoxicillin should not be administered to patients with mononucleosis.
Oral ampicillin is poorly absorbed during labor. It is not known whether use of amoxicillin in humans during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, prolongs the duration of labor, or increases the likelihood of the necessity for an obstetrical intervention.
Because amoxicillin is distributed into milk and may lead to sensitization of infants, the drug should be used with caution in nursing women. Because of its general safety in infants, the CDC states that amoxicillin is an option for anti-infective prophylaxis in breast-feeding women when Bacillus anthracis is known to be penicillin susceptible and there is no contraindication to maternal amoxicillin use.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for AMOXICILLIN (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Amoxicillin competitively inhibit penicillin binding proteins, leading to upregulation of autolytic enzymes and inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Amoxicillin has a long duration of action as it is usually given twice daily. Amoxicillin has a wide therapeutic range as mild overdoses are not associated with significant toxicity. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of anaphylaxis, _Clostridium difficile_ infections, and bacterial resistance.

C16H19N3O5S

365.4

365.104

C, 52.59; H, 5.24; N, 11.50; O, 21.89; S, 8.78

26787-78-0

Amoxicillin sodium;34642-77-8;Amoxicillin trihydrate;61336-70-7;Amoxicillin-d4;2673270-36-3;Amoxicillin trihydrate mixture with potassium clavulanate (4:1);Amoxicillin-13C6;Amoxicillin arginine;59261-05-1

33613

White to off-white solid powder.

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

701.8±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg

378.2±35.7 °C

0.0±2.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.745

0.92

4

7

4

25

590

4

S1C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])[C@]([H])(C(=O)O[H])N2C([C@]([H])([C@@]12[H])N([H])C([C@@]([H])(C1C([H])=C([H])C(=C([H])C=1[H])O[H])N([H])[H])=O)=O

LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C16H19N3O5S/c1-16(2)11(15(23)24)19-13(22)10(14(19)25-16)18-12(21)9(17)7-3-5-8(20)6-4-7/h3-6,9-11,14,20H,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,21)(H,23,24)

(2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid

Amoxicilline Amoxicillin anhydrous Clamoxyl Amopenixin AmoxAmoxycillin; Amoxicilline; Amoxicillin anhydrous; Clamoxyl; Amopenixin; Amox

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : 73 ~83.33 mg/mL (228.05~199.78 mM)
H2O : ~2 mg/mL (~5.47 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 10% DMSO+40% PEG300+5% Tween-80+45% Saline: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.69 mM)

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)