| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
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| Targets |
Natural products from taxa; Aristolochic acids (AA) analog
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| ln Vitro |
Aristolochic acids I and II (AA-I/II) are carcinogenic principles of Aristolochia plants, which have been employed in traditional medicinal practices and discovered as food contaminants. While the deleterious effects of AAs are broadly acknowledged, there is a dearth of information to define the mechanisms underlying their carcinogenicity. Following bioactivation in the liver, N-hydroxyaristolactam and N-sulfonyloxyaristolactam metabolites are transported via circulation and elicit carcinogenic effects by reacting with cellular DNA. In this study, we apply DNA adduct analysis, X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry, and fluorescence quenching to investigate the role of human serum albumin (HSA) in modulating AA carcinogenicity. We find that HSA extends the half-life and reactivity of N-sulfonyloxyaristolactam-I with DNA, thereby protecting activated AAs from heterolysis. Applying novel pooled plasma HSA crystallization methods, we report high-resolution structures of myristic acid-enriched HSA (HSAMYR) and its AA complexes (HSAMYR/AA-I and HSAMYR/AA-II) at 1.9 Å resolution. While AA-I is located within HSA subdomain IB, AA-II occupies subdomains IIA and IB. ITC binding profiles reveal two distinct AA sites in both complexes with association constants of 1.5 and 0.5 · 106 M−1 for HSA/AA-I versus 8.4 and 9.0 · 105 M−1 for HSA/AA-II. Fluorescence quenching of the HSA Trp214 suggests variable impacts of fatty acids on ligand binding affinities. Collectively, our structural and thermodynamic characterizations yield significant insights into AA binding, transport, toxicity, and potential allostery, critical determinants for elucidating the mechanistic roles of HSA in modulating AA carcinogenicity [2].
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| ln Vivo |
Aristolochic acid (AA) is known to be a potent mutagen and carcinogen. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) and aristolochic acid II (AAII), the two major components of AA, differ from each other by a single methoxy group. However, their individual mutagenic characteristics in vivo are unclear. In the present study, we compared their DNA adduct formation and mutagenicities in the gpt delta transgenic mouse kidney. The dA-AAI, dG-AAI, dA-AAII and dG-AAII were identified in the kidney two days after intragastric administration of AAI or AAII at 5mg/kg. The concentration of DNA adducts formed by AAII was approximately 2.5-fold higher than that formed by AAI (p<0.05). The mutant frequency induced by AAII was nearly two-fold higher than that induced by AAI (p<0.05) following administration of 5mg/kg AAI or AAII, five times per week for six weeks. Investigation of the mutation spectra showed no statistically significant difference between AAI- and AAII-treated mice (p>0.05). A:T to T:A transversion was the predominant type of mutation in both treated groups, the GC-associated mutation rates, however, differed between the AAI and AAII treatments. The in vivo metabolic pathways of AAI and AAII are different, and this may affect their mutagenicity. In the present study, we measured the levels of AAI and AAII in the kidney and plasma of gpt delta transgenic mice at multiple time points after a single intragastric dose of 1 or 5mg/kg of either component. Our results showed that the levels of AAII in both kidney and plasma were considerably higher than those of AAI (p<0.01). The present study indicated that AAII showed more carcinogenic risk than AAI in vivo, and this may be, at least partly, the result of its increased levels in kidney and plasma [1].
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Aristolochic acid B is an aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent, a metabolite, a mutagen, a nephrotoxin and a toxin. It is a C-nitro compound, a member of aristolochic acids, an aromatic ether, a cyclic acetal, a monocarboxylic acid and an organic heterotetracyclic compound.
Aristolochic acid II has been reported in Aristolochia tuberosa, Stephania tetrandra, and other organisms with data available. See also: Aristolochia fangchi root (part of). |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H9NO6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
311.249
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| Exact Mass |
311.042
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| CAS # |
475-80-9
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| PubChem CID |
108168
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
592.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
270-272℃
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| Flash Point |
311.9±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.787
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| LogP |
3.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
505
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
MEEXETVZNQYRSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H9NO6/c18-16(19)10-6-12-15(23-7-22-12)14-9-4-2-1-3-8(9)5-11(13(10)14)17(20)21/h1-6H,7H2,(H,18,19)
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| Chemical Name |
6-nitronaphtho[2,1-g][1,3]benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid
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| Synonyms |
IIBRN-0329754; LS-102940; IIBRN-0329754; Aristolochic acid; BCCRIS6497; Q100503; LS-102940; Aristolochic acid B; Aristolochic acid II; 475-80-9; CCRIS 6497; UNII-BB72D5PU2Y; EINECS 207-499-6; BB72D5PU2Y; BRN 0329754; CCRIS 6497; Q-100503
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~13.89 mg/mL (~44.63 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1.39 mg/mL (4.47 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 +5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 13.9 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 + to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2129 mL | 16.0643 mL | 32.1285 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6426 mL | 3.2129 mL | 6.4257 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3213 mL | 1.6064 mL | 3.2129 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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