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Azathioprine (BW 57-322)

Alias: BW57-322; BW-57-322; Azathioprine; BW 57-322; BW 57 322; trade name: Imuran; Azasan; Imurel. Abbreviations: AZA; AZTP
Cat No.:V1563 Purity: ≥98%
Azathioprine (BW-57322; BW 57-322; Imuran; Azasan; Imurel; AZA; AZTP) is an approved immunosuppressive drug (prodrug of 6-MP) used in the treatment of organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Azathioprine (BW 57-322)
Azathioprine (BW 57-322) Chemical Structure CAS No.: 446-86-6
Product category: Rho
This product is for research use only, not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
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Other Forms of Azathioprine (BW 57-322):

  • Azathioprine-d3 (Azathioprine-d3; BW 57-322-d3)
  • Azathioprine sodium
  • Azathioprine-13C4 (Azathioprine-13C4; BW 57-322-13C4)
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Purity & Quality Control Documentation

Purity: ≥98%

Product Description

Azathioprine (BW-57322; BW 57-322; Imuran; Azasan; Imurel; AZA; AZTP) is an approved immunosuppressive drug (prodrug of 6-MP) used in the treatment of organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. It functions by preventing purine synthesis and GTP-binding protein Rac1 from being activated. The active metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), which acts as a stand-in for a normal nucleoside and inadvertently incorporates itself into DNA sequences, must be produced in vivo from the prodrug azathioprine. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis are inhibited as a result. In particular, this may prevent leukocytes and lymphocytes from proliferating.

Biological Activity I Assay Protocols (From Reference)
Targets
Rac1
ln Vitro

Azathioprine (0-50 μM, 48 hours) can cause severe intracellular GSH depletion at relevant concentrations in both primary rat and human hepatocytes[2].

ln Vivo
Azathioprine (oral gavage, 25–400 mg/kg, daily, 10 days) can cause apoptosis in female CD-1 and ICR mice and has a dose-dependent effect on bone marrow cells, red blood cells, peripheral blood cytokines, and other relevant parameters[3].
Cell Assay
Cell Line: Rat hepatocytes, Human hepatocytes
Concentration: 0-50 μM
Incubation Time: 24-48 hours
Result: Showed the decrease in cell viability and intracellular GSH levels in rat hepatocytes as low concentration of 0.5 μM but no significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations below 50 μM as well as GSH depletion was obviously noted at a concentration as low as 1 μM in human hepatocytes.
Animal Protocol
Outbred female CD-1 mice, Female ICR mice
25-400 mg/kg
Oral gavage; everyday; 10days
ADME/Pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Oral azathioprine is well absorbed, with a Tmax of 1-2h. Further data regarding the absorption of azathioprine is not readily available.
Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are not detectable in urine after 8 hours. Further data regarding the route of elimination of azathioprine are not available.
Data regarding the volume of distribution of azathioprine is not readily available.
Data regarding the clearance of azathioprine is not readily available.
Azathioprine and mercaptopurine are moderately bound to plasma proteins and are partially dialyzable. They are rapidly removed from the blood by oxidation or methylation in the liver and/or erythrocytes. Renal clearance is of little impact in biological effectiveness or toxicity, but dose reduction is practiced in patients with renal failure.
Azathioprine is well absorbed orally and reaches maximum blood levels within 1 to 2 hours after administration.
Azathioprine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has an oral bioavailibility of approximately 60%.
Azathioprine is rapidly cleared from the blood; both azathioprine and mercaptopurine are approximately 30% bound to serum proteins, both appear dialyzable, and both appear to cross the placenta.
The metabolites are excreted in the urine, largely as 6-mercaptopurine. Less than 2% of azathioprine and 20 to 40% of 6-mercaptopurine are excreted as unchanged drugs in the urine.
Metabolism / Metabolites
Azathioprine is converted to 6-mercaptopurine nonenzymatically. 6-mercaptopurine is then metabolized to 6-methylmercaptopurine by thiopurine methyltransferase, 6-thiouric acid by xanthine oxidase, or 6-thiosine-5'-monophosphate by hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. 6-thiosine-5'-monophosphate is metabolized to 6-methylthiosine-5'-monophosphate by thiopurine methyltransferase or 6-thioxanthylic acid by inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. 6-thioxanthylic acid is metabolized by guanosine monophosphate synthetase to 6-thioguanine monophosphate, the first of the 6-thioguanine nucleotides. 6-thioguanine monophosphate is phosphorylated to produce the remaining 6-thioguanine nucleotides, 6-thioguanine diphosphate and 6-thioguanine triphosphate.
Orally administered azathioprine is rapidly divided in vivo to form 6-mercaptopurine.
Metabolized in vivo to 6-mercaptopurine, q.v.
Azathioprine is metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine.
Primarily converted to the active metabolites 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioinosinic acid via a non-enzymatica process and glutathione transferases. Activation of 6-mercaptopurine occurs via hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and a series of multi-enzymatic processes involving kinases to form 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGNs) as major metabolites
Route of Elimination: Both compounds are rapidly eliminated from blood and are oxidized or methylated in erythrocytes and liver; no azathioprine or mercaptopurine is detectable in urine after 8 hours.
Biological Half-Life
The half life of azathioprine is approximately 5 hours.
The elimination half-life of azathioprine is approximately 12 to 15 minutes, and that of 6-mercaptopurine is approximately 30 minutes to 4 hours. The total boby clearance of azathioprine is 60 ml/min/kg, and that of 6-mercaptopurine, 10 ml/min/kg.
The half-life of azathioprine itself is about 10 minutes, and that for mercaptopurine is about an hour.
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics
Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION: Group: Other Immunosuppressive agents. Azathioprine: pale yellow, odorless powder. The drug is insoluble in water and very slightly soluble in ethanol. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Summary: Main risks and target organs: Azathioprine is a myelotoxic and hepatotoxic immunosuppressive agent. Bone marrow and liver are the main targets but gastrointestinal tract, kidney, lungs, CNS and skin may also be affected. Transient gastroenteritis may be observed with massive overdose. Leukopenia is the main toxic effect which may occur during azathioprine therapy and in the overdose patient. Liver and kidney function tests may be altered but usually returned to normal after discontinuation of the drug. Summary of clinical effects: Oral ulceration occurs rarely with therapeutic doses but may be seen with large doses. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea can appear mainly at higher doses. Acute pancreatitis was also reported following long term azathioprine treatment. Suppression of the bone marrow mainly leukopenia and occasionally pancytopenia may be seen after therapeutic doses and overdoses of azathioprine. Septic shock due to this immunosuppression may occur. Hepatic dysfunction (hepatocellular and cholestatic), venocclusive disease and hemangioma of the liver following azathioprine therapy were documented. Acute restrictive lung disease, interstitial nephritis and a case of progressive leukoencephalopathy after 4 years azathioprine therapy were reported. Skin rash, alopecia and urticaria and a case of palmar-plantar erythema with desquamation and pain were also documented. Diagnosis: Diagnosis of azathioprine overdose is based on history of the drug taken and clinical findings mainly gastrointestinal dysfunction, leukopenia and liver dysfunction. Peripheral cell blood counts and liver function tests are required. Estimation of 6-thioguanine nucleotide, a cytotoxic metabolite of azathioprine in red blood cell may confirm the diagnosis and could also be used to predict bone marrow toxicity of azathioprine. Indications: Uses: Azathioprine is used as an adjunct for the prevention of the rejection of kidney allografts. The drug is used in conjunction with other immunosuppressive therapy including local radiation therapy, corticosteroids, and other cytotoxic agents. Azathioprine may be used for the treatment of conditions which involve derangement of the immune system including chronic active hepatitis, severe rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, pemphigus vulgaris, polyarteritis nodosa, acquired hemolytic anemia, Crohn's disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Contraindications: Azathioprine is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to the drug. Azathioprine is also contraindicated in those patients with renal failure, impaired hepatic function and in pregnant women. Routes of entry: Oral: Azathioprine is usually administered orally. Parenteral: Following renal transplantation, azathioprine may initially be given intravenously to patients unable to tolerate oral medication. Oral therapy should replace parenteral therapy as soon as possible. Kinetics: Absorption by route of exposure: Azathioprine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with only 12.6% of the dose being detected in the stool over a 48 hour period. Distribution by route of exposure: Azathioprine is rapidly distributed throughout the body with peak plasma concentrations being reached at 1 to 2 hours after dosing. Small amounts of azathioprine bind to plasma proteins (to a maximum of 30%) and only very small amounts enter the brain. Azathioprine crosses the placenta and trace amounts of the 6-mercaptopurine metabolite have been detected in fetal blood. Biological half-life by route of exposure: The plasma half-life of azathioprine is 3 to 5 hours. Metabolism: Azathioprine is metabolized in vivo to mercaptopurine, apparently by sulfhydryl compounds such as glutathione. Mercaptopurine is oxidized and methylated to several derivatives among which 6-thiouric acid predominates; the proportion of metabolites varies amongst individuals. The fate of the nitromethylimidazole portion of azathioprine has not been completely elucidated. Small amounts of azathioprine are also split to give 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole. The active metabolites, 6-thioguanine nucleotides, responsible for the therapeutic action, are formed intracellularly and appear to have very long half-lives. Elimination by route of exposure: The metabolites of azathioprine are excreted by the kidneys; only small amounts of azathioprine and mercaptopurine are excreted intact. In the 24 hour period after administration up to 50% of the dose is excreted in the urine with 10% as the parent drug. There is no data concerning azathioprine excretion in breast milk. Pharmacology and toxicology: Mode of action: Toxicodynamics: The principal toxic effect of azathioprine is bone marrow depression manifested by leukopenia, macrocytic anemia, pancytopenia, and thrombocytopenia, which may result in prolongation of clotting time and eventual hemorrhage. Pharmacodynamics: The exact mechanism of immunosuppressive activity of azathioprine has not been determined. Azathioprine which is an antagonist to purine metabolism may inhibit RNA and DNA synthesis. The drug may also be incorporated into nucleic acids resulting in chromosome breaks, malfunctioning of the nucleic acids, or synthesis of fraudulent proteins. The drug may also inhibit coenzyme formation and functioning, thereby interfering with cellular metabolism. Mitosis may be inhibited by the drug. In patients who undergo renal transplantation, azathioprine suppresses hypersensitivities of the cell-mediated type and causes variable alterations in antibody production. Human data: Adults: Severe pancytopenia has been observed in about 1% of the patients. Children: Lymphopenia, decreased IgG and IgM concentrations, cytomegalovirus infection. Cytogenetic damage was observed in human lymphocytes in vitro. Acute myelogenous leukemia and solid tumours have occurred in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received the drug. Mutagenicity: Azathioprine is mutagenic in animals and humans, chromosomal abnormalities have been documented in humans receiving azathioprine, but the abnormalities were reversed following discontinuance of the drug. Interactions: Azathioprine dose should be reduced 75% when administered with allopurinol, as allopurinol affects the metabolism of mercaptopurine, a metabolite of azathioprine. Azathioprine may reduce the effect of certain neuromuscular blocking agents including curare and related non-depolarizing drugs. Certain cytotoxic agents may be additive or synergistic in producing toxicity when used in conjunction with azathioprine. The Committee on Safety of Medicines have advised that azathioprine and penicillamine should not be used concurrently. The effects of azathioprine and corticosteroids could be synergistic. Azathioprine may reduce the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Studies with animals have shown that the haemopoietic system is affected by azathioprine with depression of granulopoiesis, megakaryocytes and, hence, platelet formation. Reversible hepatoxicity has been observed in dogs. Various teratogenic effects have been observed in rabbits, showing skeletal abnormalities. In mice embryolethalite was observed. Carcinogenicity: Azathioprine is carcinogenic in animals. Teratogenicity: Azathioprine is teratogenic in rabbits and mice when given in dosages equivalent to the human dosage. Abnormalities included skeletal malformations and visceral anomalies. Mutagenicity: Azathioprine is mutagenic in the Ames test.
Azathioprine antagonizes purine metabolism and may inhibit synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It may also interfere with cellular metabolism and inhibit mitosis. Its mechanism of action is likely due to incorporation of thiopurine analogues into the DNA structure, causing chain termination and cytotoxicity.
Toxicity Data
The oral LD50 for single doses of azathioprine in mice and rats are 2500 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively.
Interactions
Xanthine oxidase, an enzyme of major importance in the catabolism of metabolites of azathioprine, is blocked by allopurinol. If azathioprine and allopurinol are used in the same patient, the azathioprine dose must be decreased to 25 to 33% of the usual dose, but it is best not to use these two drugs together. Adverse effects resulting from coadministration of azathioprine with other myelosuppressive agents or ACE inhibitors include leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and/or anemia ...
Allopurinol inhibits the principal metabolic pathway of azathioprine, the oxidative metabolism of mercaptopurine by xanthine oxidase. This may lead to toxic accumulation of azathioprine with concomitant bone marrow depression.
Therapeutic use may lead to bone marrow depression, hepatic dysfunction infection, drug fever, rash, urticarial eruption, hypersensitivity vasculitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and possibly an increase in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma when used with corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis.
Allopurinol-induced inhibition of xanthine oxidase-mediated metabolism may result in greatly increased azathioprine activity and toxicity; concurrent use should be avoided if possible, especially in renal transplant patients, because of the high risk of 6-mercaptopurine (azathioprine metabolite) accumulation and consequent azathioprine toxicity if the transplanted kidney is rejected; if concurrent use is essential, it is recommended that azathioprine dosage be reduced to one quarter to one third of the usual dosage, the patient be carefully monitored, and subsequent dosage adjustments be based on patient response and evidence of toxicity.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for AZATHIOPRINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 535 mg/kg
LD50 Rat intraperitoneal 300 mg/kg
LD50 Rat intraduodenal 630 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse oral 1389 mg/kg
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for AZATHIOPRINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
References

[1]. Azathioprine in dermatology: the past, the present, and the future. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2006. 55(3): p. 369-89.

[2]. Azathioprine: old drug, new actions. J Clin Invest, 2003. 111(8): p. 1122-4.

[3]. Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004. 2(9): p. 731-43.

Additional Infomation
Therapeutic Uses
Azathioprine also is indicated in the treatment of other immunological diseases including regional and ulcerative colitis, biliary cirrhosis, systemic dermatomyositis (polymyositis), glomerulonephritis, chronic active hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory myopathy, myasthenia gravis, nephrotic syndrome, pemphigus and pemphigoid. /NOT included in US product labeling/
Azathioprine is indicated for the management of severe, active, and erosive rheumatoid arthritis unresponsive to rest or conventional medications. /Included in US product labeling/
It /azathioprine/ is also also indicated in the prevention of rejection in cardiac, hepatic, and pancreatic transplantation. /NOT included in US product labeling/
Azathioprine is indicated as an adjunct for prevention of rejection in renal homotransplantation. /Included in US product labeling/
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for AZATHIOPRINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Drug Warnings
Azathioprine is a toxic drug and must be used only under close medical supervision. Other immunosuppressive therapy given concomitantly with azathioprine therapy may increase the toxic potential of the drug.
Azathioprine may also cause rash, infection, drug fever, serum sickness, alopecia, arthralgia, retinopathy, Raynaud's disease, and pulmonary edema. Some of these adverse effects can occur as manifestations of rare hypersensitivity reactions. Azathioprine-induced hypersensitivity reactions are often characterized by a combination of symptoms, including fever, rigors, musculuskeletal symptoms (arthralgias, myalgias), and/or cutaneous effects (generalized erythematous or maculopapular rash with nonspecific inflammatory changes demonstrated on biopsy); pulmonary manifestations (eg, cough and/or dyspnea) and hypotension (which may be severe and, in the presence of fever, mimic septic shock) may also occur.
Hepatotoxicity manifested by increased serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and/or aminotransferase concentrations may occur in patients receiving azathioprine, principally in allograft recipients. Azathioprine-induced hepatotoxicity following transplantation occurs most frequently within 6 months of transplantation and is generally reversible following discontinuance of the drug. Rare, but life-threatening hepatic veno-occlusive disease has occurred during chronic azathioprine therapy in several renal allograft recipients and in a patient with panuveitis; serious complications, including progressive portal hypertension, progressive liver failure requiring a portacaval shunt, progressive chronic liver failure with portal hypertension and esophageal varices, and/or rapid deterioration resulting in death, occurred in most of these patients. Veno-occlusive disease was associated with cytomegalovirus infection in some of these patients and with use of azathioprine but not with dosage of the drug, type or duration of renal allograft, or type of underlying renal disease. Reports to date suggest that the onset of hepatic veno-occlusive disease generally occurs after 1-2 years of therapy and that the disease occur principally in males. The clinical syndrome is usually manifested initially by jaundice, often followed by the development of ascites and other signs of partal hypertension. Serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin concentrations are usually elevated. Prognosis is poor. Because hepatic veno-occlusive disease may result in rapid clincial deterioration, prompt diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are necessary. Many clinicians suggest that liver biopsy to diagnose veno-occlusive disease should be performed in renal allograft recipients receiving azathioprine at the first sign of mild hepatic dysfunction. If veno-occlusive disease is evident, azathioprine therapy should be promptly and permanently discontinued; alternative immunosuppressive therapy should be considered and, if liver failure is progressive anticoagulation, a partacaval shunt, or hepatic allotransplantation should be considered. Hepatotoxicity occurs in less than 1% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who receive azathioprine.
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhea may occur in patients receiving large doses of azathioprine. Adverse GI effects may be minimized by giving the drug in divided doses and/or after meals. Vomiting with abdominal pain may occur rarely with a hypersensitivity pancreatitis. A GI hypersensitivity reaction characterized by severe nausea and vomiting has been reported. This reaction also may be accompanied by diarrhea, rash, fever, malaise, myalgias, elevations in liver enzymes, and, occasionally, hypotension. Symptoms of GI toxicity most often develop within the first several weeks of azathioprine therapy and are reversible upon discontinuance of the drug. The reaction can occur within several hours after rechallange with a single dose of the drug. Other adverse GI effects include ulceration of the mucous membranes of the mouth, esophagitis with possible ulceration, and steatorrhea.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for AZATHIOPRINE (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Pharmacodynamics
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent which functions through modulation of rac1 to induce T cell apoptosis, as well as other unknown immunosuppressive functions. It has a long duration of action as it is given daily, and has a narrow therapeutic index. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of malignancies of the skin and lymphomas.
These protocols are for reference only. InvivoChem does not independently validate these methods.
Physicochemical Properties
Molecular Formula
C9H7N7O2S
Molecular Weight
277.26
Exact Mass
277.038
Elemental Analysis
C, 38.99; H, 2.54; N, 35.36; O, 11.54; S, 11.56
CAS #
446-86-6
Related CAS #
Azathioprine-d3;2702733-53-5;Azathioprine sodium;55774-33-9;Azathioprine-13C4;1346600-71-2
PubChem CID
2265
Appearance
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
Density
1.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point
685.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point
243-244°C
Flash Point
368.5±31.5 °C
Vapour Pressure
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction
1.924
LogP
0.67
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
7
Rotatable Bond Count
2
Heavy Atom Count
19
Complexity
354
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
0
SMILES
S(C1C2=C(N=C([H])N=1)N=C([H])N2[H])C1=C([N+](=O)[O-])N=C([H])N1C([H])([H])[H]
InChi Key
LMEKQMALGUDUQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C9H7N7O2S/c1-15-4-14-7(16(17)18)9(15)19-8-5-6(11-2-10-5)12-3-13-8/h2-4H,1H3,(H,10,11,12,13)
Chemical Name
6-(3-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-7H-purine
Synonyms
BW57-322; BW-57-322; Azathioprine; BW 57-322; BW 57 322; trade name: Imuran; Azasan; Imurel. Abbreviations: AZA; AZTP
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Storage

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.
Shipping Condition
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
Solubility Data
Solubility (In Vitro)
DMSO: ~54 mg/mL (~194.8 mM)
Water: <1 mg/mL
Ethanol: <1 mg/mL
Solubility (In Vivo)
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.50 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.50 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.50 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.


 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)
Preparing Stock Solutions 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 3.6067 mL 18.0336 mL 36.0672 mL
5 mM 0.7213 mL 3.6067 mL 7.2134 mL
10 mM 0.3607 mL 1.8034 mL 3.6067 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

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Method for preparing DMSO stock solution mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation:Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.

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Clinical Trial Information
Induction of Remission in Autoimmune Hepatitis With Azathioprine vs. MMF
CTID: NCT06650124
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-11-07
Maintenance of Remission with Rituximab Versus Azathioprine for Newly-diagnosed or Relapsing Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.
CTID: NCT03164473
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-18
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With DMARDs: Predictors of Response
CTID: NCT03414502
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-09-19
Uterus Transplantation to Treat Infertility
CTID: NCT05646992
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-08-09
Comparison of Efficacy of Methotrexate and Azathioprine in Patients With Chronic Actinic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
CTID: NCT06476366
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-07-09
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A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Satralizumab in Participants With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
CTID: NCT04660539
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-06-17


Baricitinib Versus Azathioprine in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis
CTID: NCT05969730
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-05-20
Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Immunosuppression in Myocarditis or Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy.
CTID: NCT04654988
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-03-28
Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT02517684
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-03-05
A Randomized Multicenter Study for Isolated Skin Vasculitis
CTID: NCT02939573
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-02-01
Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus Treatment in Liver Transplantation for Liver Cancer
CTID: NCT02081755
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-01-30
A Phase 3 Clinical Trial of CCX168 (Avacopan) in Patients With ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
CTID: NCT02994927
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-01-29
Early Use of Long-acting Tacrolimus in Lung Transplant Recipients
CTID: NCT04469842
PhaseEarly Phase 1    Status: Enrolling by invitation
Date: 2024-01-10
Simplified IMmunosuppressive Protocol Utilizing Low Dose EnvarsusXR
CTID: NCT04773392
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-12-05
Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children
CTID: NCT03681652
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-11-22
Baricitinib for the Treatment of Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
CTID: NCT05263505
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2023-11-07
Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine for Remission of Crohn's Diseases After Surgery
CTID: NCT04160325
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-10-17
Efficacy and Safety for Telitacicept in the Remission Maintenance Treatment of ANCA-associated Vasculitis (TTCAZAREM)
CTID: NCT05965284
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2023-07-28
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine in Treatment Naive Autoimmune Hepatitis
CTID: NCT02900443
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2023-06-22
Monitoring of Azathioprine Metabolite Concentrations and Cytokine Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
CTID: NCT05896605
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-06-09
A Randomized, Multicenter Open Label Study Comparing Early Administration of Azathioprine Plus IFX to Steroids Plus Azathioprine for Acute Severe Colitis
CTID: NCT02425852
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-05-31
HLADQA1*05 Genotype and the Efficacy of Treatment With Infliximab in Chinese Population Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT05813860
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2023-05-09
Azathioprine in MOGAD
CTID: NCT05349006
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2022-11-28
Medical Treatment Versus Surgery in Stricturing Small Bowel Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT05584228
Phase: N/A    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2022-10-18
A proSpective Randomized Controlled Trial comParing infliximAb-antimetabolites Combination Therapy to Anti-metabolites monotheRapy and Infliximab monothErapy in Crohn's Disease Patients in Sustained Steroid-free Remission on Combination Therapy
CTID: NCT02177071
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-08-03
Effect of Sarilumab on Patient-reported Outcomes in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
CTID: NCT03449758
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-04-28
The Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide or Azathioprine Therapy in Myasthenia Gravis Patients After Expand Thymectomy
CTID: NCT01727193
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-04-14
Rituximab Vasculitis Maintenance Study
CTID: NCT01697267
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-03-18
Cyclophosphamide and Hydroxychloroquine for Thrombocytopenia in SLE
CTID: NCT02444728
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2022-03-14
Comparison of the Efficacy of Leflunomide and Azathioprine for the Maintenance Therapy of ANCA Associated Vasculitis
CTID: NCT04737343
Phase: N/A    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2021-11-30
Tolerization Reduces Intolerance to Pegloticase and Prolongs the Urate Lowering Effect
CTID: NCT02598596
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-11
Bioequivalence of Azathioprine Suspension 10 mg/mL (Jayempi) Versus Azathioprine Tablet 50mg (Imurek®)
CTID: NCT03930264
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-06-22
Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT04882683
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2021-05-12
Thiopurine Induced Pancreatitis in IBD Patients
CTID: NCT02281799
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2021-03-18
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT04761952
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2021-02-21
Disease-Modifying Treatments for Myasthenia Gravis
CTID: NCT03490539
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-02-03
A Study to Evaluate Ocrelizumab in Patients With Nephritis Due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (BELONG)
CTID: NCT00626197
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2020-12-22
Comparison of Clinical Effects of Azathioprine and Rituximab NMO-SD Patients
CTID: NCT03002038
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-09-30
LCP-Tacro vs. Azathioprine for the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis
CTID: NCT00608894
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2020-03-17
Evaluate if Response to Infliximab or Adalimumab May be Regained With an Immunomodulator
CTID: NCT02413047
Phase: N/A    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-11-04
Tocilizumab vs Azathioprine in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
CTID: NCT03350633
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-10-24
Azathioprine Based on Endoscopy After Clinical Remission in Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT02579733
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-08-14
Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China
CTID: NCT03791827
Phase:    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2019-04-05
Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
CTID: NCT03370601
Phase: N/A    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-02-15
The Iguratimod Effect on Lupus Nephritis (IGeLU)
CTID: NCT02936375
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-12-19
Prevention of Relapses in Proteinase 3 (PR3)-Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis
CTID: NCT00128895
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2018-12-13
A Study of Subcutaneous Tocilizumab as Monotherapy and/or in Combination With Non-Biologic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Participants With Rheumatoid Arthritis
CTID: NCT01941095
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-11-13
Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Azathioprine and Allopurinol Versus Standard Azathioprine Therapy for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT03101800
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-08-15
Reposition of Second Line Treatment in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia
CTID: NCT03229746
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-06-28
Alitretinoin vs Azathioprine in Severe Non-hyperkeratotic Hand Eczema
CTID: NCT03026907
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2018-05-04
Belimumab in Remission of VASculitis
CTID: NCT01663623
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-04-17
Efficacy Study of Two Treatments in the Remission of Vasculitis
CTID: NCT00748644
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-03-02
Efficacy and Safety of Two Treatment Algorithms in Adults With Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT01235689
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-01-16
MMF vs. AZA for Kidney Transplantation
CTID: NCT00494741
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-12-13
Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT03185611
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2017-06-14
Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
CTID: NCT03151525
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2017-05-12
Rituximab for the Treatment of Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis
CTID: NCT00104299
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-04-21
Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis (P05553)
CTID: NCT00984568
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2017-04-13
Efficacy & Safety of Infliximab Monotherapy Vs Combination Therapy Vs AZA Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Maintenance Vs Intermittent Therapy for Maintaining Remission (Part 2)(Study P04807)
CTID: NCT00537316
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2017-04-12
Comparison of Low Dose Versus High Dose Cyclophosphamide as Induction Therapy in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT02645565
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-03-06
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine for Maintenance Therapy of Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT02949349
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-03-03
Possible Role of Chloroquine to Induce a Complete Remission in the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: a Randomized Trial
CTID: NCT02463331
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-02-15
Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium Versus Azathioprine for the Extra-renal Lupus Manifestations
CTID: NCT01112215
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-10-04
Comparison of Sirolimus and Azathioprine in Lung Transplantation
CTID: NCT00321906
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-09-21
Aerosol Cyclosporine for Prevention of Lung Rejection
CTID: NCT00268515
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-05-13
Abatacept and Cyclophosphamide Combination Therapy for Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT00774852
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-02-08
Prevention of Skin Cancer in High Risk Patients After Conversion to a Sirolimus-based Immunosuppressive Protocol
CTID: NCT00866684
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2015-09-02
Long-Term Study of Multi-target Therapy as Maintenance Treatment for Lupus Nephritis
CTID: NCT01056237
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-07-31
Infliximab Top-down in Pediatric Crohn
CTID: NCT01880307
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Terminated
Date: 2015-07-02
Azathioprine in the Prevention of Ileal Crohn's Disease Postoperative Recurrence.
CTID: NCT02247258
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2015-05-29
Adalimumab on Preventing Post-chirurgic Recurrence on Crohn´s Disease
CTID: NCT01564823
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2015-03-17
A Study of CellCept (Mycophenolate Mofetil) in Patients With Lupus Nephritis.
CTID: NCT00425438
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2014-09-25
Immune Tolerance Study With Aldurazyme® (Laronidase)
CTID: NCT00741338
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-07-02
Imuran (Azathioprine) Dose-Ranging Study in Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT00098111
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2014-02-21
Efficacy Study of T2 Versus AZA to Maintain Clinical and Endoscopic Remission in Postoperative Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT01015391
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2013-06-04
Special Drug Use Investigation for IMURAN (Azathioprine) Tablet (Pulmones Transplantation)
CTID: NCT01381432
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2013-05-13
The Efficacy of Enteral Nutrition in Fill of the Treatment Blank Period of the Postoperative Maintain Remission Medication for Crohn's Disease (CD)
CTID: NCT01823042
Phase: N/A    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2013-04-04
Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease
CTID: NCT01817972
Phase: Phase 3
Comparison of azathioprine to methotrexate in combination therapy with adalimumab in Crohn’s Disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Trial now transitioned
Date: 2021-07-29
NORDTREAT
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2021-03-12
Azathioprine Immunosuppression and Disease Modification in Parkinson’s Disease (AZA-PD): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase II trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2019-12-03
Viral load guided Immunosuppression after Lung Transplantation
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2019-11-19
Disease modifying therapies withdrawal in inactive Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis patients older than 50 years
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Trial now transitioned
Date: 2018-07-27
MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH VIRUS-NEGATIVE INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2017-10-30
PREemptive Pharmacogenomic testing for Preventing Adverse drug REactions
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2017-06-09
Comparison between two therapeutic strategies for the maintenance of clinical and endoscopic remission in patients with ulcerative colitis treated by infliximab (SCILLA).
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2017-03-31
A randomised, open-label clinical trial assessing the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for induction of remission in treatment naive autoimmune hepatitis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2016-11-18
MAINtenance of remission with RITuximab versus azathioprine for patients with newly-diagnosed or relapsing Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-11-18
Low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol versus azathioprine monotherapy for patients with ulcerative colitis: protocol for an investigator initiated, open, multicentre, parallel arm, randomised controlled trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2016-08-25
Efficacy of oral alitretinoin versus oral azathioprine in patients with severe chronic non-hyperkeratotic hand eczema. A randomized prospective open-label trial with blinded outcome assessment.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2015-07-09
Prospective randomised marker-based trial to assess the clinical utility and safety of biomarker-guided immunosuppression withdrawal in liver transplantation
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2015-02-09
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, blinded-assessor, follow-up, phase 4 study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have completed the initial treatment part (active conventional therapy versus three biologic treatments) in the NORD-STAR study and have reached stable low disease activity
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2014-11-19
A proSpective randomized controlled trial comParing infliximAb-antimetabolites combination therapy to anti-metabolites monotheRapy and infliximab monothErapy in Crohn’s disease patients in sustained steroid-free remission on combination therapy (SPARE)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA
Date: 2014-08-12
New Therapeutic Options for the Maintenance of Remission of the Ulcerative Colitis in Pediatric
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2013-07-10
Effect of low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol compared to Azathioprine on clinical outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2013-05-31
RANDOMIZED, MULTICENTRIC STUDY COMPARING THE EFFECT OF TWO REGIMENS OF COMBINED IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY CZECH-ICIT (CZECH INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TRIAL)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2012-10-10
A multicenter, randomized, open-label, blinded-assessor, phase 4 study in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis to compare active conventional therapy versus three biologic treatments, and two de-escalation strategies in patients who respond to treatment.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed, Trial now transitioned, Ongoing
Date: 2012-05-28
Randomised, Evaluator-Blinded, Multicentre, International, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial of Gusperimus versus Conventional Therapy in Relapse of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Temporarily Halted, Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2012-01-17
Multicentric, randomized double blind clinical trial and paralell groups to compare Adalimub vs Azatioprina efficacy prevention in Crhon disease post-surgical recurrency after 52 weeks of treatment
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2011-12-26
Evaluation de l’arrêt du traitement immunosuppresseur d’entretien après 2 ans dans les glomérulonéphrites lupiques prolifératives
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2010-12-15
An Open-Label, Multicenter, Efficacy and Safety Study to Evaluate Two Treatment Algorithms in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2010-09-20
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, OPEN, PROSPECTIVE, CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP STUDY OF REDUCTION OF THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN ONGOING REMISSION
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2010-05-12
Conventional Step-Up versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients with Active Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. A Randomized, Open Label, Prospective, Multicenter Study (Phase 3, Protocol No. P05553)
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-08-17
A 24 week multinational multi-center study consisting of a 12-week single blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of methotrexate versus Azathioprin treatment in adult patients with chronic severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and a 12-week follow up period.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-07-06
�CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GLUTEN-FREE DIET AND CASEIN AND THERAPY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY BOWEL CHANGE IN PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS INTESTINAL AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHILDHOOD AUTISMO�
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-07-03
ENSAYO CLÍNICO ALEATORIZADO Y CONTROLADO PARA EVALUAR LA EFICACIA DE LA AZATIOPRINA VS. MICOFENOLATO SÓDICO PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA FASE DE INDUCCIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO DE LA REMISIÓN DE LOS BROTES EXTRA RENALES DEL LUPUS ERITEMATOSO SISTÉMICO.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2009-06-26
Comparaison de deux stratégies de sevrage de la corticothérapie chez les myasthéniques traités par Prednisone-Azathioprine
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2009-01-15
RENAL RESCUE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FOLLOWING HEART TRANSPLANTATION
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-08-08
Etude de l'efficacité du Rituximab versus Azathioprine en traitement d'entretien au cours des vascularites associées aux ANCA : Etude prospective, multicentrique, contrôlée, randomisée
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-07-15
Evaluation de la fonction rénale après introduction de l’évérolimus chez le transplanté cardiaque présentant une insuffisance rénale chronique : étude multicentrique, randomisée en ouvert
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-05-15
Azathioprine maintenance treatment versus Infliximab maintenance treatment in Crohn's disease patients in remission: a randomized multicenter trial
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-05-14
Supportive versus Immunosuppressive Therapy for the treatment Of Progressive IgA Nephropathy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2008-01-24
Nouvelle stratégie de traitement de la polyangeite microscopique, de la periartérite noueuse et du syndrome de la churg-strauss sans facteur de mauvais pronostic : Etude prospective multicentrique randomisée en double aveugle.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2008-01-24
A randomised clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for remission induction in ANCA associated vasculitis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-12-06
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab, as Monotherapy or in Combination With Azathioprine, Versus Azathioprine Monotherapy in Moderate to Severe Active Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1).
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed, Prematurely Ended
Date: 2007-10-31
Randomised controlled trial of tumour-necrosis-factor inhibitors against combination intensive therapy with conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in established rheumatoid arthritis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-05-09
Prevention of skin cancer in high risk patients after conversion a to Sirolimus-based immunosuppressive
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2007-01-12
multicentee randomized controlled study of azathioprine versus iterferon beta in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing
Date: 2006-08-17
A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMISED, OPEN-LABELED, TRIAL COMPARING SIROLIMUS-CONTAINING VERSUS mTOR-INHIBITOR-FREE IMMUNOSUPRESSION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2006-06-27
A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Multi-Center Trial of Anti-TNFafa Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody (Infliximab, Remicade®) and Azathioprine in Patients Suffering from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with WHO Class V Glomerulonephritis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2006-05-08
FIVE-YEAR SINGLE-BLIND, PHASE II EFFECTIVENESS RANDOMISED ACTIVELY CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL IN NEW ONSET JUVENILE SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS NEPHTRITIS ORAL CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE VERSUS HIGH DOSE INTRAVENOUS CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE VERSUS INTERMEDIATE DOSE INTRAVENOUS CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Ongoing, Completed
Date: 2006-05-02
A randomised, prospective,open-label, multi-centre study comparing the efficacy and safety of conversion to Sirolimus in stable renal transplant recipients with a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2006-01-04
An open, randomized study treating refractory adult-onset Still´s disease (AOSD) with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (KineretR), compared to an established, single anti-rheumatic drug treatment.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Ongoing, Completed
Date: 2005-12-22
An international, randomised, open trial comparing a rituximab based regimen with a standard cyclophosphamide/azathioprine regimen in the treatment of 'generalised' ANCA associated vasculitis.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-12-15
Utilidad del tratamiento precoz con azatioprina en la enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Impacto en el mantenimiento de la remisión de la EC y en la prevención del desarrollo de un fenotipo fistulizante.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-11-17
A randomised trial of aminosalicylate withdrawal in patients with ulcerative colitis in established remission on combination treatment of azathioprine (or 6−mercaptopurine) and an aminosalicylate
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Prematurely Ended
Date: 2005-09-27
A prospective, randomized, active controlled, parallel group, multi-center trial to assess the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in inducing response and maintaining remission in subjects with lupus nephritis.
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Prematurely Ended, Completed
Date: 2005-09-05
Combined Immunosuppression and Radiotherapy in Thyroid Eye Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-09-03
A 12-Months, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, Proof of Concept Study of the Efficacy of Oral RAD001 (6 mg/day) versus Azathioprine and Placebo in Crohn’s Disease
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-06-27
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial Comparing REMICADE® (infliximab) and REMICADE® plus Azathioprine to Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients with Crohn’s Disease Naive to both Immunomodulators and Biologic Therapy (Study of Biologic and Immunomodulator Naive Patients in Crohn’s Disease) SONIC
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2005-05-04
An international, open label, randomised controlled trial comparing rituximab with azathioprine as maintenance therapy in relapsing ANCA-associated vasculitis
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date:
Risk Stratified randomised controlled trial in paediatric Crohn's Disease: Methotrexate versus azathioprine or adalimumab for maintaining remission in patients at low or at high risk for aggressive disease course, respectively - a treatment strategy
CTID: null
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Ongoing, GB - no longer in EU/EEA, Completed
Date:
GMA (Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption) early combined with azathioprine vs Infliximab plus azathioprine for induction of remission in active Crohn's disease : an open randomized trial
CTID: UMIN000005689
PhaseNot applicable    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-05-31
Study of Combination Therapy of Adalimumab and an Immunomodulator for Crohn's Disease(Diamond study)
CTID: UMIN000005146
Phase: Phase IV    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2011-02-25
A Prospective Randomized Open Trial to Assess the Efficiency of Infliximab for Crohn's Patients after Intestinal Resection
CTID: UMIN000004427
Phase: Phase II,III    Status: Complete: follow-up complete
Date: 2010-11-01

Biological Data
  • Azathioprine

    Azathioprine and its metabolites suppress lamellipodia but not filopodia formation in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):640-51.
  • Azathioprine

    Azathioprine suppresses binding of Vav-1 to Rac1 but not RhoA. J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):640-51.
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