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Purity: ≥98%
Brusatol (also known as NSC 172924; BRN 1444847), a naturally-occuring product isolated from the Brucea javanica plant, is a novel, potent and unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells and A549 xenografts to cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Mechanistically, brusatol selectively reduces the protein level of Nrf2 through enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Consequently, expression of Nrf2-downstream genes is reduced and the Nrf2-dependent protective response is suppressed. In A549 xenografts, brusatol and cisplatin cotreatment induced apoptosis, reduced cell proliferation, and inhibited tumor growth more substantially when compared with cisplatin treatment alone. Additionally, A549-K xenografts, in which Nrf2 is expressed at very low levels due to ectopic expression of Keap1, do not respond to brusatol treatment, demonstrating that brusatol-mediated sensitization to cisplatin is Nrf2 dependent. Moreover, a decrease in drug detoxification and impairment in drug removal may be the primary mechanisms by which brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of using brusatol to combat chemoresistance and suggest that brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic drug. The major obstacle in cancer treatment is the resistance of cancer cells to therapies. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates a cellular defense response and is ubiquitously expressed at low basal levels in normal tissues due to Keap1-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Recently, Nrf2 has emerged as an important contributor to chemoresistance. High constitutive expression of Nrf2 was found in many types of cancers, creating an environment conducive for cancer cell survival.
| ln Vitro |
Brusatol (0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, 4.05, and 12.15μg/mL) had a dose-dependent effect on CT-26 cell viability, with an IC50 value of 0.27±0.01μg/mL. The inhibitory effect on cell growth was greatly increased when brusatol and cisplatin (CDDP) were combined at a constant concentration ratio of 1:1; the IC50 value of brusatol and CDDP co-treatment was 0.19±0.02μg /mL[2]. In mouse Hepa-1c1c7 liver cancer cells, bruscatol rapidly and transiently depletes Nrf2 protein via a post-transcriptional mechanism. The chemical toxicity of brutatol sensitizes mammalian cells [3].
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| ln Vivo |
Brusatol can enter tumor tissue and block the Nrf2 signaling pathway. A549 cells were injected into naked mice to stimulate the growth of tumors, and then a single intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg Brusatol was administered. After injection, 24 or 48 hours later, there is a significant decrease in Nrf2 protein levels [1]. Tumor size was significantly decreased in the combination group, but neither brusatol (2 mg/kg) nor cisplatin (2 mg/kg) by themselves was able to significantly slow tumor growth [1]. ?"
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| Cell Assay |
Cell viability assay [2]
Cell Types: mouse CT-26 CRC cell line Tested Concentrations: 0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, 4.05 and 12.15 μg/mL Incubation Duration: 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: The viability of CT-26 cells was dose-dependent The IC50 value is 0.27±0.01 μg/mL. Western Blot Analysis [3] Cell Types: Mouse Hepa-1c1c7 Liver Cancer Cells Tested Concentrations: 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1000 nM Incubation Duration: 2 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Caused depletion of Nrf2 in a concentration-dependent manner Cells were carried out within 2 hrs (hours). |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Athymic nude mice 4-6 weeks old bearing A549 xenografts [1]
Doses: 2 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection treatment; cisplatin (2 mg/kg), Brusatol (2 mg/kg) , or combination therapy every other day, a total of 5 times. Experimental Results: Nrf2 protein levels diminished Dramatically 24 hrs (hrs (hours)) or 48 hrs (hrs (hours)) after injection. Cisplatin or Brusatol alone did not Dramatically inhibit tumor growth, while in the combination group, the tumor The size is Dramatically diminished.” |
| References |
[1]. Dongmei Ren, et al. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 25;108(4):1433-8.
[2]. Hai-Ming Chen, et al. Synergistic antitumor effect of brusatol combined with cisplatin on colorectal cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 2018 Mar;41(3):1447-1454. [3]. Adedamola Olayanju, et al. Brusatol provokes a rapid and transient inhibition of Nrf2 signaling and sensitizes mammalian cells to chemical toxicity-implications for therapeutic targeting of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Jan;78:202-12. |
| Molecular Formula |
C26H32O11
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| Molecular Weight |
520.5257
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| CAS # |
14907-98-3
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| SMILES |
C=1([C@H]2[C@@](CC(C1O)=O)(C)[C@@H]1[C@@]34[C@@H](C2)OC([C@@H]([C@H]3[C@](C(=O)OC)(OC4)[C@H]([C@@H]1O)O)OC(\C=C(/C)C)=O)=O)C
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| InChi Key |
ZZZYHIMVKOHVIH-VILODJCFSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H32O11/c1-10(2)6-15(28)37-18-20-25-9-35-26(20,23(33)34-5)21(31)17(30)19(25)24(4)8-13(27)16(29)11(3)12(24)7-14(25)36-22(18)32/h6,12,14,17-21,29-31H,7-9H2,1-5H3/t12-,14+,17+,18+,19+,20+,21-,24-,25+,26-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(11beta,12alpha,15beta)-13,20-Epoxy-3,11,12-trihydroxy-15-((3-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl)oxy)-2,16-dioxopicras-3-en-21-oic acid, methyl ester
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| Synonyms |
Brusatol; BRN 1444847; BRN-1444847; BRN1444847; NSC 172924; NSC-172924; NSC172924; (+)-Brusatol.
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~48.03 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.80 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9211 mL | 9.6056 mL | 19.2112 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3842 mL | 1.9211 mL | 3.8422 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1921 mL | 0.9606 mL | 1.9211 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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