Size | Price | |
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50mg | ||
100mg | ||
250mg |
ln Vitro |
Amfebutamone, also known as bupropion, inhibits CYP2D6 with an IC50 of 58 μM[1]. Atypical antidepressants like bupropion cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells that is dependent on caspase [3]. By triggering the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and JNK activation, bupropion activates caspase 3, which causes apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells [3]. 1–100 µg/mL of bupropion decreases cell viability. The apoptotic pathway may be the cause of the bupropion-induced reduction in cell viability [3]. Within an hour, bupropion (100 μg/mL) enhances the expression of phosphorylated versions of JNK, p38 MAPK, EIF-2α, and GRP78 [3].
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ln Vivo |
In mice, amfebutamone exhibits both convulsant and anticonvulsant properties. Bupropion causes dose-dependent clonic convulsions in mice, with a convulsant dosage 50 (or CD50) of 119.7 mg/kg, which is the level at which 50% of mice have convulsions [4]. In male albino mice weighing 22–30 g, bupropion (10, 15, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently decreased immobility time in comparison to vehicle controls (in seconds). Bupropion was observed to decrease the immobility phase in the forced swim test and tail suspension test, with ED50 values of 18.5 and 18 mg/kg ip, respectively. Bupropion (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) raises the concentration of homovanillic acid, a metabolite of free dopamine, in the mouse brain in a dose-dependent manner [5].
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Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay [3]
Cell Types: SH-SY5Y human catecholaminergic cells Tested Concentrations: 0, 1, 10, 50 and 100 µg/mL Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Cell viability diminished Dramatically in a concentration-dependent manner. Western Blot Analysis [3] Cell Types: SH-SY5Y human catecholaminergic cells Tested Concentrations: 100 μg/mL Incubation Duration: 1, 3, 8, 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Immunity to p-EIF-2α within 1 hour of bupropion treatment Reactivity increased Dramatically and persisted for 3 hrs (hours), indicating that bupropion rapidly stimulates PERK. The expression of GRP78 was slightly but Dramatically increased and JNK was Dramatically activated. Early activation of ER stress pathways by bupropion returned to basal levels 8 hrs (hours) after treatment. |
Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male Swiss mouse, weight 20-25 grams [4]
Doses: 100-160 mg/kg Route of Administration: IP Experimental Results:Caused clonic convulsions, CD50 and CD97 were 119.7 (104.1-137.6) and 156.7 respectively mg/kg. When administered at the full convulsive dose of 160 mg/kg, the median latency was 6.00 minutes (3.50-8.15). Catalonic convulsions were only observed occasionally (1 in 8 mice) in groups receiving doses of 140 or 160 mg/kg. |
References |
[1]. C Lindsay DeVane. Antidepressant-drug interactions are potentially but rarely clinically significant. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Aug;31(8):1594-604; discussion 1614-5.
[2]. Linda D Simmler, et al. Bupropion, methylphenidate, and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone antagonize methamphetamine-induced efflux of dopamine according to their potencies as dopamine uptake inhibitors: implications for the treatment of methamphetamine depe [3]. Eun-Hee Jang, et al. Bupropion, an atypical antidepressant, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-dependent cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology. 2011 Jul 11;285(1-2):1-7. [4]. Piotr Tutka, et al. Convulsant and anticonvulsant effects of bupropion in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Sep 19;499(1-2):117-20. [5]. Moreira, R., The efficacy and tolerability of bupropion in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Clin Drug Investig, 2011. 31 Suppl 1: p. 5-17. |
Molecular Formula |
C13H18NOCL
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Molecular Weight |
239.74112
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CAS # |
34911-55-2
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Related CAS # |
Bupropion hydrochloride;31677-93-7;Bupropion hydrobromide;905818-69-1
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Appearance |
Typically exists as solids (or liquids in special cases) at room temperature
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SMILES |
CC(C(=O)C1=CC(=CC=C1)Cl)NC(C)(C)C
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80: Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 :Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 4.1712 mL | 20.8559 mL | 41.7119 mL | |
5 mM | 0.8342 mL | 4.1712 mL | 8.3424 mL | |
10 mM | 0.4171 mL | 2.0856 mL | 4.1712 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.