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Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin is a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium) and can induce Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. The pyrrole polyether antibiotic calcimycin (A23187) is a rare ionophore that is specific for divalent cations. It is widely used as a biochemical and pharmacological tool because of its multiple, unique biological effects.
| Targets |
Divalent cation ionophore; antibiotic
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
The killing of branching E is mediated by calcimycin (A-23187). coli by using P2RX7 activation to trigger intracellular calcium-regulated autophagy [4].
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| ln Vivo |
Protein leakage is induced by intrapleural injection of calcimycin (A-23187) at 2.5 or 7.5 nM [5].
A23187-induced pleurisy in the mouse was demonstrated in this study. The protein leakage, leukocyte accumulation, LTB4 and PGE2 production in the pleural cavity of mice were increased by A23187 in a dose-dependent manner. At 7.5 nmole A23187 intrapleural injection, the protein level peaked at 0.5-2 h, PMN leukocytes accumulation peaked at 3-4 h, and LTB4 and PGE2 production peaked at 0.5-1 h. In this in vivo model we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of norathyriol, isolated from Tripterospermum lanceolatum. A23187-induced protein leakage was reduced by norathyriol (ID50 was about 30.6 mg/kg i.p.), indomethacin and BW755C. A23187-induced PMN leukocytes accumulation was suppressed by norathyriol (ID50 was about 16.8 mg/kg, i.p.) and BW755C, while enhanced by indomethacin. Like BW755C, norathyriol reduced both LTB4 and PGE2 production (ID50 was about 18.6 and 29.1 mg/kg i.p., respectively), while indomethacin reduced PGE2 but not LTB4 generation. We also demonstrated the analgesic effect of norathyriol on the acetic acid-induced writhing response. Acetic acid-induced writhing response was depressed by norathyriol (ID50 was about 27.9 mg/kg i.p.), indomethacin and ibuprofen. These results suggest that norathyriol, like BW755C, might be a dual, yet weak, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway blocker. The inhibitory effect of norathyriol on the A23187-induced pleurisy and acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice is proposed to be dependent on the reduction of eicosanoids mediators formation in the inflammatory site.[5] |
| Enzyme Assay |
The pyrrole polyether antibiotic calcimycin (A23187) is a rare ionophore that is specific for divalent cations. It is widely used as a biochemical and pharmacological tool because of its multiple, unique biological effects. Here we report on the cloning, sequencing, and mutational analysis of the 64-kb biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces chartreusis NRRL 3882. Gene replacements confirmed the identity of the gene cluster, and in silico analysis of the DNA sequence revealed 27 potential genes, including 3 genes for the biosynthesis of the α-ketopyrrole moiety, 5 genes that encode modular type I polyketide synthases for the biosynthesis of the spiroketal ring, 4 genes for the biosynthesis of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, an N-methyltransferase tailoring gene, a resistance gene, a type II thioesterase gene, 3 regulatory genes, 4 genes with other functions, and 5 genes of unknown function. We propose a pathway for the biosynthesis of calcimycin and assign the genes to the biosynthesis steps. Our findings set the stage for producing much desired calcimycin derivatives using genetic modification instead of chemical synthesis.[1]
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| Cell Assay |
Phenotypic screening led to the identification of calcimycin as a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (M. bovis BCG) growth in vitro and in THP-1 cells. In the present study, we aim to decipher the mechanism of antimycobacterial activity of calcimycin. We noticed that treatment with calcimycin led to up-regulation of different autophagy markers like Beclin-1, autophagy-related gene (Atg) 7, Atg 3 and enhanced microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-I (LC3-I) to LC3-II conversion in macrophages. This calcimycin-mediated killing of intracellular M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG was abrogated in the presence of 3-methyladenine (3-MA). We also demonstrate that calcimycin binding with purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7) led to increase in intracellular calcium level that regulates the extracellular release of ATP. ATP was able to regulate calcimycin-induced autophagy through P2RX7 in an autocrine fashion. Blocking of either P2RX7 expression by 1-[N,O-bis(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine (KN-62) or reducing intracellular calcium levels by 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra (acetoxy-methyl) ester (BAPTA-AM) abrogated the antimycobacterial activity of calcimycin. Taken together, these results showed that calcimycin exerts its antimycobacterial effect by regulating intracellular calcium-dependent ATP release that induces autophagy in a P2RX7 dependent manner.[4]
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Mouse (ICR, 25-30 g) [5]
Doses: 2.5 or 7.5 nM Route of Administration: Intrapleural injection Experimental Results: 2.5 nM two hrs (hrs (hours)) after challenge or 7.5 nM three hrs (hrs (hours)) after challenge, protein in the pleural cavity Levels correspond to approximately half of their corresponding peak values. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
5-(methylamino)-2-[[(2S,3R,5R,6S,8R,9R)-3,5,9-trimethyl-2-[(2S)-1-oxo-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)propan-2-yl]-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-8-yl]methyl]-1,3-benzoxazole-4-carboxylic acid is a benzoxazole.
Calcimycin has been reported in Streptomyces and Streptomyces chartreusis with data available. An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems. |
| Molecular Formula |
C29H37N3O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
523.63
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| Exact Mass |
523.268
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 66.52; H, 7.12; N, 8.02; O, 18.33
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| CAS # |
52665-69-7
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| Related CAS # |
Calcimycin hemicalcium salt;59450-89-4;Calcimycin hemimagnesium;72124-77-7; 76455-48-6 (bromo); 52665-69-7
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| PubChem CID |
11957499
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
710.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
187-190 °C
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| Flash Point |
383.4±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.611
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| LogP |
5.66
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
38
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| Complexity |
873
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
7
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| SMILES |
CNC1C(C(O)=O)=C2N=C(CC3C(C)CCC4(C(C)CC(C)C(C(C)C(=O)C5=CC=CN5)O4)O3)OC2=CC=1
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| InChi Key |
HIYAVKIYRIFSCZ-BNJSRTAHSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C29H37N3O6/c1-15-10-11-29(17(3)13-16(2)27(38-29)18(4)26(33)20-7-6-12-31-20)37-22(15)14-23-32-25-21(36-23)9-8-19(30-5)24(25)28(34)35/h6-9,12,15-18,22,27,30-31H,10-11,13-14H2,1-5H3,(H,34,35)/t15-,16+,17+,18+,22-,27-,29+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
4-Benzoxazolecarboxylic acid, 5-(methylamino)-2-((3,9,11-trimethyl-8-(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethyl)-1,7-dioxaspiro(5.5)undec-2-yl)methyl)-, (6S-(6alpha(2S*,3S*),8beta(R*),9beta,11alpha))-
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| Synonyms |
Calcimycin; A23187; A 23187; 52665-69-7; antibiotic A-23187; A23187; Calcium ionophore III; Calcimycin A23187; rel-Calcimycin; A-23187; A-23187; Ionophore A23187; Antibiotic 23187
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~33.33 mg/mL (~63.65 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.77 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.77 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: 10% DMSO+40% PEG300+5% Tween-80+45% Saline: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.77 mM) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.9097 mL | 9.5487 mL | 19.0975 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3819 mL | 1.9097 mL | 3.8195 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1910 mL | 0.9549 mL | 1.9097 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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