When applied as a fungicide, captan may negatively disrupt microbial processes that are important for plant growth, making it ineffective [1].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Captan and folpet are two fungicides largely used in agriculture, but biomonitoring data are mostly limited to measurements of captan metabolite concentrations in spot urine samples of workers, which complicate interpretation of results in terms of internal dose estimation, daily variations according to tasks performed, and most plausible routes of exposure. This study aimed at performing repeated biological measurements of exposure to captan and folpet in field workers (i) to better assess internal dose along with main routes-of-entry according to tasks and (ii) to establish most appropriate sampling and analysis strategies. The detailed urinary excretion time courses of specific and non-specific biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet were established in tree farmers (n = 2) and grape growers (n = 3) over a typical workweek (seven consecutive days), including spraying and harvest activities. The impact of the expression of urinary measurements [excretion rate values adjusted or not for creatinine or cumulative amounts over given time periods (8, 12, and 24 hr)] was evaluated. Absorbed doses and main routes-of-entry were then estimated from the 24-hr cumulative urinary amounts through the use of a kinetic model. The time courses showed that exposure levels were higher during spraying than harvest activities. Model simulations also suggest a limited absorption in the studied workers and an exposure mostly through the dermal route. It further pointed out the advantage of expressing biomarker values in terms of body weight-adjusted amounts in repeated 24-hr urine collections as compared to concentrations or excretion rates in spot samples, without the necessity for creatinine corrections.
Extensive studies of captan have shown that it is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, rapidly metabolized, and eliminated from the body. The probable metabolic pathways of both the tetrahydrophthalimide and trichloromethylthio moieties have been elucidated. In rats, the tetrahydrophthalimide moiety is excreted, 92% in 48 hr and 97% in 96 hr (85% in the urine and 12 in the feces. The trichloromethylthio moiety is converted to thiophosgene, which is further metabolized to thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxylic acid, which is excreted in the urine of orally dosed rats; carbon dioxide is also a product of the metabolism of thiophosgene through the intermediate formation of carbonyl sulfide. Thiophosgene is also detoxified by sulfites present in the gut and is excreted in the urine of orally dosed rats to yield dithiobis(methanesulfonic acid) and its disulfide monooxide derivative.
Captan is rapidly absorbed from GI tract and rapidly /metabolized/ in the blood. It does not accumulate in tissues and reacts readily with thiol-containing compounds.
After an oral dose of (35)S-captan, more than 90% of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces and urine within 24 hours, and almost 100 % within 3 days; 0.01-0.05% of the radioactivity was detected in organs or incorporated in proteins and nucleic acids.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CAPTAN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Following oral exposure, captan fungicides are rapidly metabolized in the body to yield two metabolites that can be measured in the urine: tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) and thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxilic acid (TTCA). Both are considered useful biomarkers for occupational exposure.
Extensive studies of captan have shown that it is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, rapidly metabolized, and eliminated from the body. The probable metabolic pathways of both the tetrahydrophthalimide and trichloromethylthio moieties have been elucidated. In rats, the tetrahydrophthalimide moiety is excreted, 92% in 48 hr and 97% in 96 hr (85% in the urine and 12 in the feces. The trichloromethylthio moiety is converted to thiophosgene, which is further metabolized to thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxylic acid, which is excreted in the urine of orally dosed rats; carbon dioxide is also a product of the metabolism of thiophosgene through the intermediate formation of carbonyl sulfide. Thiophosgene is also detoxified by sulfites present in the gut and is excreted in the urine of orally dosed rats to yield dithiobis(methanesulfonic acid) and its disulfide monooxide derivative.
Captan is metabolized in vitro by liver mixed-function oxidases to carbonyl sulfide, suggesting a pathway similar to that which occurs in vivo.
Degradation in the gut appears to play a major role in the metabolism of captan. The toxic metabolite thiophosgene is produced from the trichloromethylthio moiety of the molecule in the presence of cellular thiol compounds. It is further metabolized to thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxylic acid, which is excreted in the urine of orally doses rats; carbon dioxide is also a product of the metabolism of thiophosgene with the intermediate formation of carbonyl sulfide (23% of the administered radiocarbon is expired as (14)CO2). Thiophosgene is also detoxified by sulfites present in the gut and is excreted in the urine of orally dosed rats to yield dithiobis(methanesulfonic acid) and its disulfide monooxide derivative.
For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CAPTAN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Biological Half-Life
The dermal penetration of (14)C-Iabeled captan was studied in young and adult rats ... . Dermal absorption was biphasic, with at least 93% of dose having a half-life on the skin of at least 1000 hours.
The degradation of captan (purity, 79.9%) during incubation with human blood was investigated. Captan at a concentration of about 1 ug/mL was mixed with blood at 37 °C. At various time-points ranging from 0 to 31 s the reaction was terminated by adding phosphoric acid and acetone. Degradation of captan and formation of THPI was measured. Captan was metabolized rapidly to THPI. The calculated half-life was 0.97 s. Mass spectrometry revealed that THPI was the only degradation product.
... The very short half-lives of captan and thiophosgene in blood (0.9 and 0.6 seconds, respectively) show these compounds will not reach the fetus directly when orally ingested, but THPI is likely to. ...

[1]. Effects of the fungicide Captan on some functional groups of soil microflora. Applied Soil Ecology Volume 7, Issue 3, March 1998, Pages 245-255.

Captan can cause cancer according to The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Captan is a white solid dissolved in a liquid carrier. It is a water emulsifiable liquid. It can cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption and/or ingestion. The primary hazard of this material is that it poses a threat to the environment. In case of release immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Since it is a liquid it can easily penetrate the soil to contaminate groundwater. It is used as a fungicide.
Captan is a dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops. It has a role as an antifungal agrochemical. It is a member of isoindoles, an organochlorine compound, an organosulfur compound and a phthalimide fungicide.
Captan is a fungicide used on fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Acute (short-term) dermal exposure to captan may cause dermatitis and conjunctivitis in humans. Ingestion of large quantities of captan may cause vomiting and diarrhea in humans. Captan was found to be carcinogenic in one strain of mice exposed in their diet, causing tumors of the duodenum. In mice exposed by either gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach) or injection, an increased incidence of tumors was not observed. EPA has classified captan as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
Captan is the name of a general use pesticide (GUP) that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. Though it can be applied on its own, Captan is often added as a component of other pesticide mixtures. It is used to control diseases on a number of fruits and vegetables as well as ornamental plants. It also improves the outward appearance of many fruits, making them brighter and healthier-looking. Captan is thought to be a potential carcinogen at prolonged high doses that cause cytotoxicity and regenerative cell hyperplasia. These high doses of captan are many orders of magnitude above those likely to be consumed in the diet, or encountered by individuals in occupational or residential settings. Therefore, captan is not likely to be a human carcinogen nor pose cancer risks of concern.
One of the phthalimide fungicides.

C9H8CL3NO2S

300.58

298.934

133-06-2

Captan-d6;1330190-00-5

8606

White to cream powder
Crystals from carbon tetrachloride
Colorless crystals
White, crystalline powder [Note: Commercial product is a yellow powder]

1.6±0.1 g/cm3

314.2±52.0 °C at 760 mmHg

178°C

143.8±30.7 °C

0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.636

1.85

0

3

1

16

340

0

C1=CCC2C(C1)C(=O)N(C2=O)SC(Cl)(Cl)Cl

LDVVMCZRFWMZSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C9H8Cl3NO2S/c10-9(11,12)16-13-7(14)5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(13)15/h1-2,5-6H,3-4H2

2-(trichloromethylsulfanyl)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydroisoindole-1,3-dione

AI3-26538 Buvisild K Glyodex 3722Captan HexacapCaptabAmercideAacaptan Agrosol S Bangton Captadin Captaf Captax Vanicide

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~166.34 mM)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.

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Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)
*Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil)
Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)]
*Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.
Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline)
Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline
Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil)
Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline)

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Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals).

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Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400
Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose
Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders

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Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)