Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
---|---|---|---|
5mg |
|
||
10mg |
|
||
25mg |
|
||
50mg |
|
||
100mg |
|
||
250mg |
|
||
500mg |
|
||
Other Sizes |
|
Purity: ≥98%
DDD107498, formerly known as DDD 498, is a multiple-stage antimalarial agent that inhibits protein synthesis. DDD107498 displays potential to address a variety of clinical needs, including single-dose treatment, transmission blocking and chemoprotection. DDD107498 was developed from a screening programme against blood-stage malaria parasites; its molecular target has been identified as translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which is responsible for the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome along messenger RNA, and is essential for protein synthesis. This discovery of eEF2 as a viable antimalarial drug target opens up new possibilities for drug discovery.
ln Vitro |
In tigers, carbaquine (24–48 hours) decreases protein synthesis, trophozoite and schizont development, and produces abnormalities in culture [1]. With EC50 = 1.0 nM, EC90 = 2.4 nM, and EC99 = 5.9 nM against the 3D7 tiger, carbaquine has outstanding activity[1]. In conjunction with hepatocytes or liver microsomes, camequinine has good metabolic stability [1].
|
---|---|
ln Vivo |
In guinea pigs infected with odontozoan monkeys, carbaquine (oral, single dose) showed an ED90 (90% reduction in parasites) of 0.57 mg/kg [1]. Oral carbaquine at a dose of 3 mg/kg showed an 80 ng/mL Cmax, a 4-hour Tmax, an AUC of 200542 ng·min/mL, and a F (%) of 84% [2].
|
References |
|
Molecular Formula |
C27H31FN4O2
|
---|---|
Molecular Weight |
462.5694
|
Exact Mass |
462.243
|
CAS # |
1469439-69-7
|
Related CAS # |
Cabamiquine succinate;2444781-71-7
|
PubChem CID |
71748268
|
Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
Density |
1.229±0.06
|
Boiling Point |
649.5±55.0 °C
|
LogP |
3.2
|
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
Heavy Atom Count |
34
|
Complexity |
647
|
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
InChi Key |
BENUHBSJOJMZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C27H31FN4O2/c28-22-7-8-25-23(17-22)24(27(33)29-9-12-31-10-1-2-11-31)18-26(30-25)21-5-3-20(4-6-21)19-32-13-15-34-16-14-32/h3-8,17-18H,1-2,9-16,19H2,(H,29,33)
|
Chemical Name |
6-fluoro-2-(4-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide
|
Synonyms |
DDD107498 DDD-107498 DDD 107498 DDD 498 DDD-498 DDD498 MMV121 MMV-121 MMV 121
|
HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~216.19 mM)
|
---|---|
Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 2.1618 mL | 10.8092 mL | 21.6183 mL | |
5 mM | 0.4324 mL | 2.1618 mL | 4.3237 mL | |
10 mM | 0.2162 mL | 1.0809 mL | 2.1618 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
a. eEF2 promotes the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome along mRNA during protein synthesis. b. Homology model of Plasmodium falciparum eEF2. The mapped mutations from each strain are colour coded by EC50 fold (red high, amber moderate, green low). c. Live cell imaging of P. falciparum expressing an extra copy of eEF2 (WT) fused to GFP. The image is representative of >50 parasites visualized on two independent occasions. d. Protein and DNA/RNA synthesis were evaluated by measuring the incorporation of [35S]-labelled methionine and cysteine ([35S]-Met/Cys) (upper panel) and [3H]-labelled hypoxanthine (lower panel) into asynchronous 3D7 wild-type (○) and 3D7 DDD107498-resistant line (eEF2-E134A/P754A) (●) after 40 min incubation with DDD107498, cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Radiolabeled incorporation, measured as cpm, was normalised as % of incorporation against inhibitor concentration (means ± s.d.; n=3 independent experiments each run in duplicate). e. The EC50 values for transfectants against DDD107498 (means ± s.d.; n=4-7 independent experiments, each run in duplicate). Statistical significance was determined by the Mann-Whitney U test: *P<0.05; **P<0.01. f. DDD107498-resistant line (eEF2-Y186N) transfected episomally with plasmids expressing either WT-eEF2 or eEF2-Y186N (means ± s.d.; n=3 independent experiments each run in duplicate). Nature . 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):315-20. td> |
Effect of DDD107498 on parasite morphology a. Phenotype of P. falciparum in peripheral blood of NOD-scid IL-2R_null mice engrafted with human erythrocytes. Blood samples were taken at day 5 and 7 of the assay (1 and 2 asexual cycles, respectively) after the start of treatment with vehicle or DDD107498 at day 3. The bidimensional flow cytometry plots measure the murine (Ter-119-PE+) and human (Ter-119-PE−) erythrocytes, and the presence of nucleic acids (infected SYTO-16+ events). The blue circles indicate the region of infected erythrocytes. Vehicle-treated mice showed a characteristic pattern of staining with SYTO-1635, which correlated with the presence of healthy rings, trophozoites and schizonts in blood smears. Conversely, mice treated with DDD107498 at 50 mg/kg showed only trophozoites with condensed cytoplasm and some pyknotic cells at day 5 (red circle in flow cytometry plot and corresponding blood smears). By day 7, few infected erythrocytes were detected by flow cytometry and blood smears revealed parasites with a similar morphology to those at day 5. This suggests that trophozoites are the most sensitive population since the cycle is interrupted at this stage. The images displayed are taken from a mouse with high levels of parasitemia. At least 50 parasites were counted per sample screened in the microscope. Of these, 4 photos of representative parasite phenotype were selected to represent the morphology of the most prevalent phenotype. Thus, this is a qualitative assessment. b. Stage specificity assays using synchronised cultures. For morphological analysis of antimalarial drug action, thin blood smears were prepared, fixed and stained with Giemsa followed by examination with an upright microscope using an oil-immersion lens (100×). For parasitemia determination, a total number of 1000 red blood cells (corresponding to 5 microscopic fields) were counted. R to T. Abnormal trophozoites observed after 24h exposure of synchronized rings to DDD107498. T to S. Trophozoites do not develop into schizonts after 24h exposure to DDD107498. S-R. No ring stages are observed 24h after treatment of schizonts with DDD107498. c. Percentage parasitemia in the red blood cells. R = ring stage, T = trophozoite, S = schizont. Nature . 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):315-20. td> |
Fitness phenotypes of DDD107498-resistant parasite lines Unmarked Dd2 and DDD107498-selected parasites with various levels of resistance were assessed for growth in a competition assay, relative to a Dd2-GFP reference line. a. Equal numbers of unmarked test lines were mixed with the Dd2-GFP reference, in triplicate wells, and the ratio of non-fluorescent and fluorescent cells assessed by flow cytometry over time. At day 0, all lines had a 1:1 ratio with the Dd2-GFP reference. Increased growth of the test line over the Dd2-GFP reference, which has a slower growth rate than unmarked WT Dd2, would result in an increased ratio of Test:Dd2-GFP. b. Growth assay of 4 different test lines: i) WT Dd2, ii) EF2-E134D, iii) EF2-L775F, and iv) EF2-Y186N, relative to Dd2-GFP. A faster growth rate of WT Dd2 (DDD107498 IC50 0.14 nM) relative to the fluorescent Dd2-GFP line is reflected in an increased ratio over time. The low-level resistant line EF2-E134D (IC50 5.8 nM) did not attain a WT growth rate, and the high-level resistant lines EF2-L775F (IC50 660 nM) and EF2-Y186N (3100 nM) were further impaired. Means ± s.d.; n=4 independent experiments each run in triplicate. Nature . 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):315-20. td> |