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Purity: ≥98%
Dexamethasone Acetate (also known as NSC 39471) is the 21-acetoxy (ester) form of Dexamethasone, it is a potent synthetic glucocorticoid class of steroid drugs, and an interleukin receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. It is 25-fold more potent than cortisol in its glucocorticoid effect, while having minimal mineralocorticoid effect.
| Targets |
Glucocorticoid receptor
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| ln Vitro |
Important genes involved in the inflammatory response are activated and inhibited by nuclear factor-AT, nuclear factor-kB, and protein-1 [1]. With an EC50 of 2.2 nM, dexamethasone acetate efficiently suppresses the release of colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from granulocyte-macrophage A549 cells. At concentrations 10-100 times greater than those that suppress GM-CSF production, dexamethasone acetate (EC50=36 nM) is shown to be linked to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding and to the induction of β2 receptor transcription. The inhibition of GM-CSF release is linked to the inhibition of 3×κB (NF-κB, IκBα, and I-κBβ) by dexamethasone acetate (IC50=0.5 nM).
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| ln Vivo |
Dexamethasone acetate 10 mg/kg (ip) administered as a single dosage dramatically decreased both the spontaneous production of oxygen free radicals and the recruitment of granulocytes [3]. animals given Dexamethasone acetate had lower food intake and weight reductions compared to animals given control. Despite eating the same amount of food, the treated rats weighed less than the animals fed in pairs. The liver-to-body weight ratio (+65%) and liver mass (+42%) significantly increased after receiving injections of dexamethasone acetate for five days. After five days of treatment, the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle dropped by 20%, but it did not change in relation to body weight (g/100 g body weight), suggesting that weight reduction and muscle weight loss were synchronized [4].
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| Enzyme Assay |
1. Glucocorticoids are highly effective in controlling chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, but the exact molecular mechanism of their anti-inflammatory action remains uncertain. They act by binding to a cytosolic receptor (GR) resulting in activation or repression of gene expression. This may occur via direct binding of the GR to DNA (transactivation) or by inhibition of the activity of transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-kappaB (transrepression). 2. The topically active steroids fluticasone propionate (EC50= 1.8 x 10(-11) M) and budesonide (EC50=5.0 x 10(-11) M) were more potent in inhibiting GM-CSF release from A549 cells than tipredane (EC50 = 8.3 x 10(-10)) M), butixicort (EC50 = 3.7 x 10(-8) M) and dexamethasone (EC50 = 2.2 x 10(-9) M). The anti-glucocorticoid RU486 also inhibited GM-CSF release in these cells (IC50= 1.8 x 10(-10) M). 3. The concentration-dependent ability of fluticasone propionate (EC50 = 9.8 x 10(-10) M), budesonide (EC50= 1.1 x 10(-9) M) and dexamethasone (EC50 = 3.6 x 10(-8) M) to induce transcription of the beta2-receptor was found to correlate with GR DNA binding and occurred at 10-100 fold higher concentrations than the inhibition of GM-CSF release. No induction of the endogenous inhibitors of NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha or I-kappaBbeta, was seen at 24 h and the ability of IL-1beta to degrade and subsequently induce IkappaBalpha was not altered by glucocorticoids. 4. The ability of fluticasone propionate (IC50=0.5 x 10(-11) M), budesonide (IC50=2.7 x 10(-11) M), dexamethasone (IC50=0.5 x 10(-9) M) and RU486 (IC50=2.7 x 10(-11) M) to inhibit a 3 x kappaB was associated with inhibition of GM-CSF release. 5. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of a range of glucocorticoids relate to their ability to transrepress rather than transactivate genes[2].
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| Cell Assay |
Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory agents that are widely used in clinical practice. Increasing evidence has identified exosomes as important mediators in inflammation, but it is unknown whether glucocorticoids regulate exosome secretion and function. In the present study, we observed a reduction of exosome secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages following treatment with dexamethasone. Importantly, exosomes isolated from LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages increased TNF-α and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 cells. However, this increase was less pronounced following treatment with exosomes isolated from dexamethasone-treated cells. Moreover, dexamethasone decreased expression of pro-inflammatory microRNA-155 in exosomes from LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. We postulate that exosomes are novel targets in the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids in LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. These findings will benefit the development of new approaches for anti-inflammatory therapeutics[7].
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| References |
[1]. LaLone CA, et al. Effects of a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, Dexamethasone, on fathead minnow reproduction, growth, and development. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Mar;31(3):611-22.
[2]. Adcock IM, et al. Ligand-induced differentiation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) trans-repression and transactivation: preferential targetting of NF-kappaB and lack of I-kappaB involvement. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;127(4):1003-11 [3]. Rocksén D, et al. Differential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Dexamethasone and N-acetylcysteine in endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000 Nov;122(2):249-56 [4]. Roussel D, et al. Dexamethasone treatment specifically increases the basal proton conductance of rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 2003 Apr 24;541(1-3):75-9. [5]. Ballabh P, et al. Neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and effects of corticosteroids. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004 Jan;89(1):F76-83. [6]. Heidi Ledford. et al. Coronavirus Breakthrough: Dexamethasone Is First Drug Shown to Save Lives. Nature. 2020 Jun 16. [7]. Yun Chen, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018;11(7):3391-3397 |
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| Additional Infomation |
Dexamethasone acetate is a corticosteroid hormone.
Commonly known as decadron, dexamethasone acetate is a glucocorticosteroid previously marketed in the USA for the treatment of inflammatory respiratory, allergic, autoimmune, and other conditions. Developed in 1957, dexamethasone is structurally similar to other corticosteroids such as [hydrocortisone] and [prednisolone]. Dexamethasone acetate has largely been replaced by [dexamethasone] phosphate and continues to be administered for a large variety of inflammatory conditions. Recently, dexamethasone has been a drug of interest in the treatment of COVID-19. In a June 16 2020 press release highlighting early results of a clinical trial, Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY), it was reported that dexamethasone reduced COVID-19 deaths by approximately one-fifth and one-third in patients on oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, respectively. Dexamethasone was therefore recommended as a life-saving treatment for COVID-19 patients experiencing severe respiratory symptoms. |
| Molecular Formula |
C24H31FO6
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| Molecular Weight |
434.5
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| Exact Mass |
434.21
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 66.34; H, 7.19; F, 4.37; O, 22.09
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| CAS # |
1177-87-3
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| Related CAS # |
Dexamethasone;50-02-2;Dexamethasone-d5;358731-91-6;Dexamethasone phosphate disodium;2392-39-4;Dexamethasone phosphate;312-93-6; 3936-02-5 (metasulfobenzoate sodium) 3800-84-8 (sodium succinate) 50-02-2 1177-87-3 (acetate) 150587-07-8 (beloxil) 2265-64-7 (isonicotinate) 14899-36-6 (palmitate) 312-93-6 (phosphate) 2392-39-4 (phosphate sodium)
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| PubChem CID |
236702
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as white to off-white solids at room temperature
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| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
579.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
238-240 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
304.2±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.571
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| LogP |
2.96
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
31
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| Complexity |
910
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
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| SMILES |
F[C@]12[C@]3(C([H])=C([H])C(C([H])=C3C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]1([H])[C@]1([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])[C@](C(C([H])([H])OC(C([H])([H])[H])=O)=O)([C@@]1(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[C@]2([H])O[H])O[H])=O)C([H])([H])[H]
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| InChi Key |
AKUJBENLRBOFTD-RPRRAYFGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H31FO6/c1-13-9-18-17-6-5-15-10-16(27)7-8-21(15,3)23(17,25)19(28)11-22(18,4)24(13,30)20(29)12-31-14(2)26/h7-8,10,13,17-19,28,30H,5-6,9,11-12H2,1-4H3/t13-,17+,18+,19+,21+,22+,23+,24+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
2-((8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17R)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-2-oxoethyl acetate
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| Synonyms |
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
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| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.3015 mL | 11.5075 mL | 23.0150 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4603 mL | 2.3015 mL | 4.6030 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2301 mL | 1.1507 mL | 2.3015 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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