Male albino rabbits' intraocular pressure can be locally decreased by dichlorphenamide [1].

Animal/Disease Models: Male albino rabbit (about 2.5 kg)
Doses: Dichlorphenamide sodium 50 μL 10% aqueous solution or 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg
Route of Administration: 50 μL eye drops or po (oral gavage) 2 mg/kg Or 6 mg/kg, 5 hrs (hrs (hours)).
Experimental Results: Intraocular pressure diminished Dramatically 30 minutes after instillation into the eye. Intraocular pressure diminished 1 hour after oral administration. Drug concentration in the iris and ciliary body increased Dramatically. Drug concentration in the iris and ciliary body increased Dramatically. The concentration is Dramatically diminished. By instillation of serum compared to oral administration.

Protein Binding
55%

[1]. Kanski, J.J., Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and osmotic agents in glaucoma. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Br J Ophthalmol, 1968. 52(8): p. 642-3.

[2]. Rucquoy, M. and L. Sorel, Diclofenamide in the treatment of therapy-resistant epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg, 1978. 78(3): p. 174-82.

Dichlorphenamide can cause developmental toxicity according to state or federal government labeling requirements.
Diclofenamide is a sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma. It has a role as an EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor, an antiglaucoma drug and an ophthalmology drug. It is a sulfonamide and a dichlorobenzene.
A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.
Dichlorphenamide is a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of dichlorphenamide is as a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor.
A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.

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Drug Indication
For adjunctive treatment of: chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and preoperatively in acute angle-closure glaucoma where delay of surgery is desired in order to lower intraocular pressure

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Mechanism of Action
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure by partially suppressing the secretion of aqueous humor (inflow), although the mechanism by which they do this is not fully understood. Evidence suggests that HCO^3- ions are produced in the ciliary body by hydration of carbon dioxide under the influence of carbonic anhydrase and diffuse into the posterior chamber which contains more Na⁺ and HCO^3- ions than does plasma and consequently is hypertonic. Water is then attracted to the posterior chamber by osmosis, resulting in a drop in pressure.
PHOSPHATURIA MAY BE RELATED TO DIRECT STIMULATION...OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE...PRODN BY KIDNEY. ...DRUG ACTS SIMILARLY TO PARATHYROID HORMONE IN ENHANCING URINARY EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE & CYCLIC AMP, IN CONTRAST TO ITS ANTAGONISM OF ACTION OF HORMONE ON BONE. /ACETAZOLAMIDE/
...INHIBITION OF...CARBONIC ANHYDRASE. ...IS NONCOMPETITIVE. ...ENZYME IS NORMALLY PRESENT IN TISSUES IN HUGE EXCESS. MORE THAN 99% OF ENZYME ACTIVITY IN KIDNEY MUST BE INHIBITED BEFORE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS BECOME APPARENT. ENZYME...IS DOMINANT TISSUE COMPONENT TO WHICH INHIBITORS BECOME BOUND. /ACETAZOLAMIDE/
/CHANGES IN URINE/...MAY BE ATTRIBUTED TO INHIBITION OF (+)H SECRETION BY RENAL TUBULE. ... CURRENT EVIDENCE INDICATES GREATER EFFECT ON PROXIMAL THAN ON DISTAL TUBULE, WITH LITTLE OR NO EFFECT ON ASCENDING LIMB. ...PHOSPHATURIA...USED AS INDEX OF LOCALIZING DIURETIC ACTION... /ACETAZOLAMIDE/
...INCR URINARY EXCRETION OF BICARBONATE & FIXED CATION, MOSTLY SODIUM. AS RESULT, CONCN OF BICARBONATE IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID DECR & METABOLIC ACIDOSIS RESULTS. ...RENAL RESPONSE TO ACETAZOLAMIDE IS GREATLY REDUCED.../BUT/ DIURETIC RESPONSE IS ENHANCED. /ACETAZOLAMIDE/
DRUG LOWERS INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE BY REDUCING RATE OF SECRETION OF AQ HUMOR.

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Therapeutic Uses
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
...USED IN TREATMENT OF PRIMARY GLAUCOMA, ACUTE PHASE OF SECONDARY GLAUCOMA, & IN PREOPERATIVE CONTROL OF INTRAOCULAR TENSION. ... ALTHOUGH IT HAS DIURETIC PROPERTIES, IT IS NOT PROMOTED FOR THIS PURPOSE.
...DRUG HAS BEEN FOUND TO INHIBIT EPILEPTIC SEIZURES & TO DECR RATE OF SPINAL FLUID FORMATION. /ACETAZOLAMIDE/
...REDUCES RATE OF AQ HUMOR FORMATION; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN PT WITH GLAUCOMA IS CORRESPONDINGLY REDUCED. THIS ACTION OF DRUG APPEARS TO BE INDEPENDENT OF SYSTEMIC ACID-BASE BALANCE. /ACETAZOLAMIDE/
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for DICHLORPHENAMIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT POSTOPERATIVE USE /AFTER IRIDECTOMY/...MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUTCOME OF FILTERING OPERATIONS BY REDUCING SIZE OF RESULTANT DRAINAGE BLEB & DELAYING REFORMATION OF ANTERIOR CHAMBER. /CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS/
...SHOULD BE USED CAUTIOUSLY IN PT WITH OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE BECAUSE THEY MAY PPT ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE. /CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS/
DIURESIS MAY BE TROUBLESOME INITIALLY BUT SUBSIDES DURING CONTINUED THERAPY BECAUSE OF PERSISTENT METABOLIC ACIDOSIS. /CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS/
...BE GIVEN CAUTIOUSLY TO PT...WITH DISEASES ASSOC WITH INCR MINERALOCORTICOID ACTIVITY (EG, PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM, CUSHING'S SYNDROME) & THOSE RECEIVING POTASSIUM-WASTING DRUGS (EG, THIAZIDES, LOOP DIURETICS, CORTICOSTEROIDS). /CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS/
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for DICHLORPHENAMIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Dichlorphenamide is an oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor indicated for adjunctive treatment of: chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and preoperatively in acute angle-closure glaucoma where delay of surgery is desired in order to lower intraocular pressure. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure by partially suppressing the secretion of aqueous humor (inflow).

C6H6CL2N2O4S2

305.16

303.914

120-97-8

Dichlorphenamide disodium;76382-13-3

3038

White to off-white solid powder

1.8±0.1 g/cm3

590.5±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg

239-241ºC

310.9±32.9 °C

0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.635

0.93

2

6

2

16

452

0

GJQPMPFPNINLKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H6Cl2N2O4S2/c7-4-1-3(15(9,11)12)2-5(6(4)8)16(10,13)14/h1-2H,(H2,9,11,12)(H2,10,13,14)

4,5-dichlorobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)