glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor ( IC50 = 3.22 nM )

Exendin-4 dramatically and dose-dependently raises NO production, phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[2]. MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibit cytotoxic effects from exendin-4, with an IC50 of 5 μM after 48 hours[3].

Exendin-4 treatment, at both low and high doses, improves serum ALT and lowers serum glucose levels in ob/ob mice as well as computes HOMA scores in comparison to control. In the last four weeks of the study, the net weight gain of the ob/ob mice treated with extendin-4 is significantly reduced[4]. The Exendin-4-treated animals weigh a great deal less than the control rats and exhibit increased pyknotic nuclei and pancreatic acinar inflammation. Rats treated with extendin-4 have lower HOMA values and lower levels of leptin[5]. The rat thoracic aorta relaxes in response to exenatide in a dose-dependent manner. This relaxation is mediated primarily by H₂S but also by NO and CO, and it is evoked through the GLP-1 receptor[6].

Rats: 20 Sprague-Dawley male rats, ten of which are treated with exendin-4 (10 μg/kg) and ten of which are used as controls. There are 75 days in the study period. Pancreatic tissue and serum are extracted for histological and biochemical analysis. The two groups' levels of blood glucose, lipase, amylase, and adipocytokines are compared[5].
Mice: For the first 14 days, 10 μg/kg is administered to the exendin-4 treatment groups every 24 hours. This therapy is the initiating stage. Every 24 hours, the corresponding control mice (lean and ob/ob) are given saline. Exendin-4-treated mice are split into two groups at random after 14 days: the first group is given a high dose of exendin-4 (20 μg/kg) every 12 hours, while the second group is given a low dose of exendin-4 (10 μg/kg) every 12 hours. Every twelve hours, saline is still given to the control mice. Every day for the duration of the 60-day treatment, the mice are weighed[4].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Exenatide reaches a peak plasma concentration in 2.1 hours. Because exenatide is administerd subcutaneously, the bioavailability is 1.
Exenatide is mainly eliminated by glomerular filtration followed by proteolysis before finally being eliminated in the urine.
28.3L.
9.1 L/hour.
Following a single dose of Bydureon, exenatide is released from the microspheres over approximately 10 weeks. There is an initial period of release of surface-bound exenatide followed by a gradual release of exenatide from the microspheres, which results in two subsequent peaks of exenatide in plasma at around week 2 and week 6 to 7, respectively, representing the hydration and erosion of the microspheres. Following initiation of once every 7 days (weekly) administration of 2 mg Bydureon, gradual increase in the plasma exenatide concentration is observed over 6 to 7 weeks. After 6 to 7 weeks, mean exenatide concentrations of approximately 300 pg/mL were maintained over once every 7 days (weekly) dosing intervals indicating that steady state was achieved.
Nonclinical studies have shown that exenatide is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration with subsequent proteolytic degradation. The mean apparent clearance of exenatide in humans is 9.1 L/hr and the mean terminal half-life is 2.4 hr. These pharmacokinetic characteristics of exenatide are independent of the dose. In most individuals, exenatide concentrations are measurable for approximately 10 hr post-dose.
The mean apparent volume of distribution of exenatide following SC administration of a single dose of Byetta is 28.3 L.
Following SC administration to patients with type 2 diabetes, exenatide reaches median peak plasma concentrations in 2.1 hr. The mean peak exenatide concentration (Cmax) was 211 pg/mL and overall mean area under the time-concentration curve (AUC0-inf) was 1036 pg hr/mL following SC administration of a 10 ug dose of Byetta. Exenatide exposure (AUC) increased proportionally over the therapeutic dose range of 5 ug to 10 ug. The Cmax values increased less than proportionally over the same range. Similar exposure is achieved with SC administration of Byetta in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Exenatide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Exenatide is filtered through the glomerulus before being degraded to smaller peptides and amino acids by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, metalloproteases, endopeptidase 24-11, amino proteases, and serine proteases. It is currently believed that the metalloproteases are responsible for most of the degradation of exenatide. Exenatide is metabolised to small peptides <3 amino acids in length by enzymes in the kidney.

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Biological Half-Life
2.4 hours
Terminal half life varied from 18 minutes in mice up to 114 minutes in rats.
Mean terminal half-life /in humans/ is 2.4 hr

Toxicity Summary
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Exenatide is a white to off-white powder formulated into solution for subcutaneous use. Exenatide is available in both a twice daily formulation and an extended-release formulation that is administered weekly. Exenatide is a synthetic, long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (incretin mimetic). It is used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Overdose of exenatide has been reported in a clinical study. Effects have included severe nausea, severe vomiting, and rapidly declining blood glucose concentrations. Post marketing reports also include acute pancreatitis, including fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis requiring hospitalization and serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis and angioedema). Deterioration of renal function (e.g., increased serum creatinine concentrations, renal impairment/insufficiency, and chronic renal failure, acute renal failure sometimes requiring hemodialysis or kidney transplantation) has also been reported with the use of exenatide. Exenatide extended-release also caused thyroid C-cell tumors at clinically relevant exposures in rats. It is unknown whether the drug causes thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), in humans, as human relevance could not be determined by clinical or nonclinical studies. Therefore, exenatide extended release is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of MTC or in patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2. ANIMAL STUDIES: Exenatide had no adverse effects on fertility when given to male mice at doses up to 760 ug/kg/day. However, exenatide did cause developmental toxicity in rats, mice and rabbits. Fetuses from pregnant rats given subcutaneous doses of exenatide extended-release at 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg on gestation days 6, 9, 12, and 15 demonstrated reduced fetal growth at all doses and produced skeletal ossification deficits at 1 and 3 mg/kg in association with maternal effects (decreased food intake and decreased body weight gain). In pregnant mice given sc doses of 6, 68, 460, or 760 ug/kg/day from gestation day 6 through 15 (organogenesis), cleft palate (some with holes) and irregular fetal skeletal ossification of rib and skull bones were observed at 6 ug/kg/day. In pregnant rabbits given sc doses of 0.2, 2, 22, 156, or 260 ug/kg/day from gestation day 6 through 18 (organogenesis), irregular fetal skeletal ossifications were observed at 2 ug/kg/day. Studies for the carcinogenicity potential of exenatide were also conducted in rats. Benign thyroid C-adenomas were observed in female rats given extenatide by sc injection at doses of 18, 70, or 250 ug/kg/day. In another carcinogenicity study with exenatide extended-release male and female rats were administrated doses of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection every other week. A statistically significant increase in thyroid C-cell tumor incidence was observed in both males and females. The incidence of C-cell adenomas was statistically significantly increased at all doses (27%-31%) in females and at 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg (46% and 47%, respectively) in males compared with the control group (13% for males and 7% for females). A statistically significantly higher incidence of C-cell carcinomas occurred in the high-dose group females (6%), while numerically higher incidences of 3%, 7%, and 4% (nonstatistically significant versus controls) were noted in the low-, mid-, and high-dose group males compared with the control group (0% for both males and females). An increase in benign fibromas was seen in the skin subcutis at injection sites of males given 3 mg/kg. No treatment-related injection-site fibrosarcomas were observed at any dose. Exenatide was not mutagenic or clastogenic, with or without metabolic activation, in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay or chromosomal aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Exenatide was negative in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay

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Hepatotoxicity
Liver injury due to exenatide must be rare, if it occurs at all. In large clinical trials, serum enzyme elevations were no more common with exenatide therapy than with placebo or comparator agents, and no instances of clinically apparent liver injury were reported. Since licensure, there have been no published case reports of hepatotoxicity due to exenatide and the product label does not list liver injury as an adverse event. Exenatide has been linked to rare instances of acute pancreatitis, but even this complication is usually not associated with elevations in serum bilirubin and aminotransferase levels.

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the clinical use of exenatide during breastfeeding. Because exenatide is a large peptide molecule with a molecular weight of 4187 daltons, the amount in milk is likely to be very low and absorption is unlikely because it is probably partially destroyed in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. It has a short half-life, which might make it a better choice among drugs in this class for nursing mothers. If exenatide is required by the mother, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. However, until more data become available, exenatide should be used with caution during breastfeeding, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Protein Binding
Protein binding of exenatide has not been determined.

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Interactions
Increases in international normalized ratio (INR), sometimes associated with bleeding, have been reported during postmarketing experience with concomitant use of exenatide and warfarin. In a drug interaction study, no clinically important changes in warfarin (S- or R-enantiomer) AUC, peak plasma concentrations, or therapeutic response (as indicated by INR) were observed when warfarin sodium (single 25-mg dose) was administered 35 minutes after exenatide (5 ug subcutaneously twice daily for 2 days, then 10 ug twice daily for 7 days); however, the time to peak warfarin concentration was delayed by approximately 2 hours. In patients receiving warfarin, prothrombin time should be monitored more frequently after initiating or altering exenatide therapy; once a stable prothrombin time has been achieved, prothrombin times may be monitored at intervals usually recommended for patients receiving warfarin therapy.
In healthy women, repeated daily administration of a fixed-combination oral contraceptive (30 ug of ethinyl estradiol and 150 ug of levonorgestrel) 30 minutes after subcutaneous injection of exenatide (10 ug twice daily) decreased the peak plasma concentrations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel by 45 and 27%, respectively, and delayed the time to peak plasma concentrations of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel by 3 and 3.5 hours, respectively. Repeated daily administration of the fixed-combination oral contraceptive 1 hour prior to administration of exenatide decreased the mean peak plasma concentration of ethinyl estradiol by 15%; however, the mean peak plasma concentration of levonorgestrel was not substantially changed. Exenatide did not alter the mean trough concentrations of levonorgestrel following repeated daily administration of the fixed-combination oral contraceptive for both regimens; however, the mean trough concentration of ethinyl estradiol increased by 20% when the fixed-combination oral contraceptive was administered 30 minutes after exenatide injection. In this study, the effect of exenatide on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives was confounded by the possible effect of food on oral contraceptives. Therefore, oral contraceptives should be administered at least 1 hour prior to exenatide administration.
Administration of exenatide (10 ug subcutaneously twice daily) 30 minutes before lovastatin (single 40-mg oral dose) decreased the lovastatin AUC and peak plasma concentration by approximately 40 and 28%, respectively, and delayed the time to peak plasma concentration of lovastatin by 4 hours. In clinical trials, the use of exenatide in patients already receiving HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) was not associated with consistent changes in lipid profiles compared to baseline.
In patients with mild to moderate hypertension receiving stable dosages of lisinopril (5-20 mg daily), exenatide (10 ug subcutaneously twice daily) did not alter the steady-state AUC or peak plasma concentration of lisinopril or the 24-hour mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, the steady-state time to peak plasma concentration of lisinopril was delayed by 2 hours.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for Exenatide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. The importance of the nine-amino acid C-terminal sequence of exendin-4 for binding to the GLP-1 receptor and for biological activity. Regul Pept. 2003 Jul 15;114(2-3):153-8.

[2]. Exenatide exerts direct protective effects on endothelial cells through the AMPK/Akt/eNOS pathway in a GLP-1 receptor-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jun 1;310(11):E947-57.

[3]. Antidiabetic exendin-4 activates apoptotic pathway and inhibits growth of breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 2016 Feb;37(2):2647-53.

[4]. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like protein-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, reverses hepatic steatosis in ob/obmice. Hepatology. 2006 Jan;43(1):173-81.

[5]. Biochemical and histological effects of exendin-4 (exenatide) on the rat pancreas. Diabetologia. 2010 Jan;53(1):153-9.

[6]. Exenatide induces aortic vasodilation increasing hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide production. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014 Apr 2;13:69.

Therapeutic Uses
Hypoglycemic Agents
Byetta is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus /Included in US product label/
Bydureon is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bydureon is an extended-release formulation of exenatide. Do not coadminister with Byetta. /Included in US product label/
Prior treatment with Byetta is not required when initiating Bydureon therapy. If the decision is made to start Bydureon in an appropriate patient already taking Byetta, Byetta should be discontinued. Patients changing from Byetta to Bydureon may experience transient (approximately 2 weeks) elevations in blood glucose concentrations.
For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Exenatide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
/BOXED WARNING/ WARNING: RISK OF THYROID C-CELL TUMORS. Exenatide extended-release causes thyroid C-cell tumors at clinically relevant exposures in rats. It is unknown whether Bydureon causes thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), in humans, as human relevance could not be determined by clinical or nonclinical studies. Bydureon is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of MTC or in patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2.
Acute pancreatitis, including fatal and nonfatal hemorrhagic or necrotizing pancreatitis requiring hospitalization, has been reported during postmarketing experience with exenatide. Persistent, severe abdominal pain, which may be accompanied by vomiting, is the hallmark symptom of acute pancreatitis. Most patients who have developed pancreatitis have had at least one other risk factor for acute pancreatitis (e.g., gallstones, severe hypertriglyceridemia, alcohol use) and have required hospitalization. Some patients have developed serious complications including dehydration and renal failure, suspected ileus, phlegmon, and ascites. Acute or worsening pancreatitis has been associated temporally with an increase in exenatide dosage from 5 ug to 10 ug twice daily, the maximum recommended dosage, in some patients. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) recurred upon rechallenge with the drug in several patients; abdominal pain abated after permanent discontinuance of the drug in one patient. Most patients have improved upon discontinuance of exenatide.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is evaluating unpublished findings suggesting an increased risk of pancreatitis and precancerous cellular changes (pancreatic duct metaplasia) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving incretin mimetics (exenatide, liraglutide, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, or linagliptin). These findings are based on examination of a small number of pancreatic tissue specimens taken from patients who died from unspecified causes while receiving an incretin mimetic. FDA has not yet reached any new conclusions about safety risks with incretin mimetics. FDA will notify healthcare professionals of its conclusions and recommendations when the review is complete, or when the agency has additional information to report. FDA states that at this time clinicians should continue to follow the recommendations in the prescribing information for incretin mimetics. The manufacturer states that after initiation of exenatide, and after increases in dosage, patients should be observed carefully for signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis (e.g., unexplained, persistent severe abdominal pain that may radiate to the back; nausea; vomiting; elevated serum amylase or lipase concentrations). If pancreatitis is suspected, therapy with exenatide and other potentially suspect drugs should be promptly discontinued, confirmatory tests performed (e.g., serum amylase or lipase concentrations, radiologic imaging), and appropriate therapy initiated. Exenatide should not be resumed if pancreatitis is confirmed. Exenatide has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis; other antidiabetic therapies should be considered in such patients.
Deterioration of renal function (e.g., increased serum creatinine concentrations, renal impairment/insufficiency, worsened chronic renal failure, acute renal failure sometimes requiring hemodialysis or kidney transplantation) has been reported rarely with exenatide. Some of these events occurred in patients experiencing nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea with or without dehydration; these adverse effects may have contributed to development of altered renal function in these patients. Some of these events also occurred in patients receiving exenatide in combination with other agents known to affect renal function or hydration status (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, diuretics). Exenatide has not been found to be directly nephrotoxic in preclinical or clinical studies. Renal effects usually have been reversible with supportive treatment and discontinuance of potentially causative agents, including exenatide. Altered renal function may be a consequence of diabetes mellitus, independent of any risk associated with exenatide therapy. Clinicians should closely monitor patients receiving exenatide for signs and symptoms of renal dysfunction and consider discontinuance of the drug if renal dysfunction is suspected and cannot be explained by other causes.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Exenatide (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
When patients take exenatide the body's natural response to glucose is modulated. More insulin and less glucagon are released in response to glucose, though in cases of hypoglycemia a normal amount of glucagon is released. Exenatide also slows gastric emptying, leading to a slower and prolonged release of glucose into the systemic circulation. Together these effects prevent hyper and hypoglycemia.

C₁₈₄H₂₈₂N₅₀O₆₀S

4186.57

4184.03

C, 52.79; H, 6.79; N, 16.73; O, 22.93; S, 0.77

141758-74-9

Exendin-4 acetate; 914454-01-6

53396299

His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2

HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH2

White to off-white solid powder

-21

58

66

135

295

10300

0

[HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH2]

HTQBXNHDCUEHJF-XWLPCZSASA-N

InChI=1S/C184H282N50O60S/c1-16-94(10)147(178(289)213-114(52-58-144(257)258)163(274)218-121(73-101-77-195-105-39-24-23-38-103(101)105)168(279)215-116(68-90(2)3)165(276)205-107(41-26-28-61-186)158(269)219-122(75-134(189)243)154(265)198-79-135(244)196-83-139(248)231-63-30-43-129(231)175(286)225-127(87-238)174(285)223-125(85-236)155(266)200-80-136(245)202-96(12)181(292)233-65-32-45-131(233)183(294)234-66-33-46-132(234)182(293)232-64-31-44-130(232)176(287)222-124(84-235)150(190)261)229-170(281)119(71-99-34-19-17-20-35-99)217-166(277)117(69-91(4)5)214-159(270)108(42-29-62-194-184(191)192)212-177(288)146(93(8)9)228-151(262)95(11)203-156(267)111(49-55-141(251)252)208-161(272)112(50-56-142(253)254)209-162(273)113(51-57-143(255)256)210-164(275)115(59-67-295-15)211-160(271)110(47-53-133(188)242)207-157(268)106(40-25-27-60-185)206-172(283)126(86-237)224-167(278)118(70-92(6)7)216-169(280)123(76-145(259)260)220-173(284)128(88-239)226-180(291)149(98(14)241)230-171(282)120(72-100-36-21-18-22-37-100)221-179(290)148(97(13)240)227-138(247)82-199-153(264)109(48-54-140(249)250)204-137(246)81-197-152(263)104(187)74-102-78-193-89-201-102/h17-24,34-39,77-78,89-98,104,106-132,146-149,195,235-241H,16,25-33,40-76,79-88,185-187H2,1-15H3,(H2,188,242)(H2,189,243)(H2,190,261)(H,193,201)(H,196,244)(H,197,263)(H,198,265)(H,199,264)(H,200,266)(H,202,245)(H,203,267)(H,204,246)(H,205,276)(H,206,283)(H,207,268)(H,208,272)(H,209,273)(H,210,275)(H,211,271)(H,212,288)(H,213,289)(H,214,270)(H,215,279)(H,216,280)(H,217,277)(H,218,274)(H,219,269)(H,220,284)(H,221,290)(H,222,287)(H,223,285)(H,224,278)(H,225,286)(H,226,291)(H,227,247)(H,228,262)(H,229,281)(H,230,282)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,259,260)(H4,191,192,194)/t94-,95-,96-,97+,98+,104-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,112-,113-,114-,115-,116-,117-,118-,119-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,146-,147-,148-,149-/m0/s1

(4S)-5-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[2-[[2-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[(2S)-2-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-4-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid

DA 3091; ITCA 650; LY 2148568; LY2148568; PT302; AC 2993; Exenatide; AC 2993A; AC-2993; Exendin-4; AC002993; AC2993; AC2993A; Bydureon

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O: ~33.3 mg/mL (~8.0 mM)
DMSO: ≥ 32 mg/mL (~7.6 mM)
Ethanol: < 1 mg/mL

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (0.60 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (0.60 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (0.60 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (23.89 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C).

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)