| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| 500mg | |||
| 2g | |||
| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Aromatase (IC50 = 6 nM)
Fadrozole targets the aromatase enzyme (CYP19A1), which catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens. By selectively inhibiting aromatase, fadrozole reduces estrogen biosynthesis in peripheral tissues and tumors. This mechanism deprives estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells of the hormonal stimulation required for growth. Fadrozole is a nonsteroidal inhibitor, distinguishing it from steroidal aromatase inactivators. |
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| ln Vitro |
The rat ovary and human placenta both exhibit strong aromatase inhibition when exposed to fadrozole hydrochloride. With an IC50 of 0.03 μM, fadrozole salty suppresses the synthesis of estrogen in hamster ovarian slices. The IC50 value for the inhibition of progesterone production is 120 μM. To varied degrees, the manufacture of additional cytochrome P-450-dependent hormones can be inhibited by high doses of fadrozole hydrochloride. [1].
In vitro, fadrozole potently inhibits aromatase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The compound shows high selectivity for aromatase over other cytochrome P450 enzymes. In cell-based assays, fadrozole reduces estradiol production in aromatase-expressing cells and inhibits the proliferation of estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell lines. The compound's IC₅₀ for aromatase inhibition has been characterized in various enzyme assays. |
| ln Vivo |
In immature female rats, fadrozole administered orally suppresses the uterine hypertrophy generated by androstenedione-mediated aromatase, with an ED50 of 0.03 mg/kg. Aminoglutethimide administered orally in the same mouse produced the same result, with an ED50 of 30 mg/kg [1]. In female Sprague-Dawley rats, fadrozole hydrochloride inhibits the growth of spontaneous mammary tumors, both malignant and benign. Additionally, it can lessen the frequency of spontaneous hepatic tumors in both male and female rats as well as slow down the spontaneous development of pituitary dtamas in female rats [2]. Fadrozole was given to male and female mice, and it reduced the parasite burden by 70% while inhibiting the generation of 17b-estradiol. In male mice, this defense was linked to the recovery of particular cellular immunological responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in the spleenocytes and serum levels rose by 80%, while the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the testes of male infected mice increased tenfold. Fadrozole therapy brings these levels back to initial levels [3].
In vivo, fadrozole has demonstrated efficacy in reducing circulating estrogen levels and inhibiting the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors in animal models and clinical studies. The compound's oral bioavailability supports convenient once- or twice-daily dosing. Fadrozole has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. |
| Enzyme Assay |
For in vitro tests, culture grade Fadrozole was dissolved in cRPMI to the desired stock concentration, and sterilised by passage through a 0.2-mm Millipore filter. Experimental design was as follows: using a 24-well culture plate, six wells were used as untreated controls, six wells were supplemented with the vehicle in which Fadrozole was diluted, six wells were treated with different concentrations of Fadrozole. Concentrations of Fadrozole were randomised across the plates. Fadrozole was prepared to a final volume of 100 μl and added to 2 ml of medium in each well. Control cysts were treated with the solvent in which Fadrozole was diluted such that a constant volume of solvent (100 μl) was added to each well. Reproduction was measured as the number of buds that each cyst produced in response to treatment and were counted directly under a light inverted microscope. Morbidity of cysts was recognised by progressive internal disorganisation, development of lucent areas in the cytoplasm, and progressive loss of motility. Dead cysts had an opaque appearance with lucent areas in the tegmental cytoplasm and characteristic swelling. Viability was based upon granularity, bodily contortions, and methylene blue uptake. Unstained cysts were considered dead when they lacked motility and/or were characteristically granular. All viability observations were determined microscopically, and cysts were considered dead based on complete loss of motility of the anterior and posterior regions, and internal loss of movement for food intake. These observations were done under an inverted microscope using 10× and 100× magnification.[3]
Non-cellular enzyme assays for fadrozole involve assessing its inhibition of aromatase using human placental microsomes or recombinant CYP19A1 enzyme. The enzyme is incubated with [³H]-androstenedione and NADPH in the presence of varying concentrations of fadrozole. The conversion to [³H]-estrone is measured by scintillation counting after extraction. IC₅₀ values for aromatase inhibition are determined from dose-response curves. |
| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for fadrozole involve treating aromatase-expressing cell lines (e.g., JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells or MCF-7 breast cancer cells) with the compound. The inhibition of estradiol production is measured by ELISA or radioimmunoassay in the culture medium. Cell proliferation assays are used to assess the functional consequences of estrogen depletion on estrogen-dependent cell growth. Cells are treated with varying concentrations of fadrozole for 48-72 hours.
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| Animal Protocol |
Fadrozole was administered in the form of sub-dermal long-term release pellets (20 mg/wt kg, in three-week-release pellets), starting 1 week prior to the infection, using a 10-gauge needle Trochar. Three pellets were administrated during the study. Placebo pellets were administered to another group of infected mice, in the same fashion as the inhibitor. After 1 week, mice were infected as described above and killed 8 weeks later.[3]
Rats are treated with daily dosing with fadrozole hydrochloride (CGS 16949A) in purified water by gavage for 2 years. There are 60 rats in each of four groups given 0, 0.05, 0.25 or 1.25 mg/kg daily. Control rats receive only water. Clinical signs are recorded weekly and the animals are examine for palpable masses every 4 weeks for the first 9 months, then every 2 weeks for the remainder of the study[2]. Mice: Fadrozole is administered in the form of sub-dermal long-term release pellets (20 mg/wt kg, in three-week-release pellets), starting 1 week prior to the infection, using a 10-gauge needle. Three pellets are administrated during the study. Placebo pellets are administered to another group of infected mice, in the same fashion as the inhibitor. After 1 week, mice are infected and killed 8 weeks later[3]. In vivo animal experiments with fadrozole are conducted in rodent models of estrogen-dependent tumors. Ovariectomized or intact female rats with xenografted MCF-7 tumors are treated with fadrozole via oral administration. Tumor growth inhibition is monitored by caliper measurements. Serum estradiol levels are measured by ELISA or radioimmunoassay. Uterine weight (an estrogen-sensitive endpoint) is assessed as a pharmacodynamic marker. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Fadrozole has a molecular weight of 232.24 and a molecular formula of C₁₃H₁₃N₃. It is a solid at room temperature with a purity of ≥98%. The compound is soluble in DMSO and other organic solvents. It is typically stored at -20°C, protected from light and moisture. Fadrozole is orally bioavailable with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for systemic administration.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Fadrozole is generally well-tolerated at therapeutic doses. Common side effects include hot flashes, nausea, and fatigue, which are consistent with estrogen deprivation. The compound may also affect bone mineral density with long-term use. Fadrozole should be used with caution in patients with osteoporosis or other conditions affected by estrogen levels.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
4-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)benzonitrile is an imidazopyridine compound. Fazozol is a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Fazozol specifically inhibits aromatase, blocking the aromatization of androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively, which is the final step in estrogen biosynthesis; the reduction in estrogen levels may inhibit the growth of estrogen-dependent cancers. Aromatase is a member of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily and is present in various tissues; its overexpression is associated with the development and progression of precancerous lesions and tumors in breast tissue. Selective aromatase inhibitors can effectively treat estrogen-dependent diseases, including breast cancer.
Fadrozole (CGS 16949A; CAS 102676-47-1) is a potent, nonsteroidal, and selective aromatase inhibitor. It was developed for the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Fadrozole inhibits aromatase-mediated conversion of androgens to estrogens, depriving hormone-sensitive tumors of growth stimulation. The compound is available from various commercial suppliers for research applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H13N3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
223.27312
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| Exact Mass |
223.11
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 75.31; H, 5.87; N, 18.82
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| CAS # |
102676-47-1
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| Related CAS # |
Fadrozole hydrochloride;102676-31-3;Dexfadrostat;102676-87-9;Fadrozole hydrochloride hemihydrate;176702-70-8;;102676-47-1; 2743427-54-3 (phosphate)
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| PubChem CID |
59693
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
481.7±38.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
0ºC
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| Flash Point |
245.1±26.8 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.662
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| LogP |
1.88
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
311
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
CLPFFLWZZBQMAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H13N3/c15-8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)14-3-1-2-13-9-16-10-17(13)14/h4-7,9-10,14H,1-3H2
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| Chemical Name |
4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)benzonitrile
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| Synonyms |
Fadrozole; CGS 16949A; CGS-16949A; CGS16949A; 102676-47-1; 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)benzonitrile; CGS-16949A; Fadrozole [INN]; Benzonitrile, 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)-; CHEMBL9298; FAD 286A; Fadrozole free base
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~447.89 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (9.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (9.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (9.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.4789 mL | 22.3944 mL | 44.7888 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8958 mL | 4.4789 mL | 8.9578 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4479 mL | 2.2394 mL | 4.4789 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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