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Purity: ≥98%
Ferrostatin-1 (also named as Fer-1) is a potent and selective inhibitor of ferroptosis with EC50 of 60 nM. It is the most potent inhibitor of erastin-induced ferroptosis in HT-1080 cells (EC50 of 60 nM). Ferrostatin-1 does not inhibit ERK phosphorylation or arrest the proliferation of HT-1080 cells. Ferroptosis is a regulated, oxidative, nanapoptotic cell death, Ferrostatin-1 has been founded as a potent inhibitor of it. Ferrostatin-1 can attenuate oxidative, iron-dependent cancer cell death through blocking cystine import and glutathione production. It had been reported to prevent Huntington's disease cellular models to death by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
| Targets |
Ferroptosis (EC50 = 60 nM)
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| ln Vitro |
Ferrostatin-1 inhibits the build-up of lipid and cytosolic ROS that is generated by erastin. Neurotoxicity caused by glutamate is inhibited in organotypic rat brain slices by ferrostatin-1 [1]. Rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) are protected from glutamate (5 mM)-induced neurotoxicity by ferrostatin-1 (2 μM; 24 hours) [2]. Ferrostatin-1 suppresses lipid peroxidation, but not the permeability of lysosomal membranes or the production of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria [2]. In cellular models of renal failure, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and Huntington's disease (HD), ferrostatin-1 reduces cell death [2]. In HT-1080 cells, ferrostatin-1 (1 μM; 6 hours) prevents unsaturated fatty acid oxidative degradation, which increases the quantity of healthy medium spiny neurons (MSNs) [3].
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| ln Vivo |
In mice with rhabdomyolysis, ferrostatin-1 (5 mg/kg; i.p.; single dosage, given 30 min before glycerol injection) improves renal function; however, this benefit is not shown in mice lacking in the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD or RIPK3. Acute lung damage (ALI) caused by LPS can be efficiently treated with ferrostatin-1 (0.8 mg/kg; tail vein injection)[4]. Rhabdomyolysis-affected mice's renal function is improved by ferrostatin-1 (5 mg/kg; i.p.; C57BL/6J mice) [5].
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| Enzyme Assay |
Western blot[4]
In our study, the cell samples were lysed using radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer, and the total protein concentration of different groups was detected using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit. In our study, the cell lysates (20 μg/lane) were separated using 10% SDS-PAGE gel and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk diluted in PBS, and further incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Herein, the different primary antibodies used were: anti-SLC7A11 (1:3000; Cell signaling, Cat #: 12691), anti-GPX4 (1:1000), anti-FTH (1:2000) and anti-GAPDH (1:3000). The secondary antibodies used were: Anti-mouse IgG (HRP-conjugated; 1:5000) and anti-rabbit IgG (HRP-conjugated; 1:5000). Finally, the protein bands in each lane were visualized using SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate and ChemiDoc Imagers. The results were finally quantified using the ImageJ 1.x software. All of the raw, uncropped blots for images throughout the paper are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. [4] Evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and iron level[4] In our study, to evaluate the ferroptosis level in different groups, the MDA, 4-HNE and iron levels were detected in each group. The MDA concentration, 4-HNE concentration and iron concentration in cell lysates were assessed using the Lipid Peroxidation (MDA) Assay Kit, Lipid Peroxidation (4-HNE) Assay Kit and Iron Assay Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. |
| Cell Assay |
Cell viability assay[4]
To evaluate cell viability, the CCK-8 method was used in our study as the references. In brief, BEAS-2B cells were seeded into a 96-well plate at the concentration of 5 × 104 cells/well. The cells were cultured for 24 h, then treated with LPS and Fer-1 in different concentrations for 16 h followed by the addition of 20 μl of CCK-8 solution directly into the medium (200 μl per well) and incubation at 37 °C for 4 h. The absorbances (Abs) in different groups were detected at 450 nm (n = 3). In the blank group, the well only contained medium, and the cells without any treatment were used as the control group. Herein, the cell viability = (Abs of experimental group-Abs of blank group)/(Abs of control group-Abs of blank group) × 100%. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Male C57BL/6 mice (LPS-induced ALI)[4]
Doses: 0.8 mg/kg Route of Administration: Tail vein injection Experimental Results: Exerted therapeutic action against LPS-induced ALI. In our study, the male C57BL/6 mice were divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 4 per group, 8–10 weeks old, weight = 23–25 g): the control group receiving 0.9% NaCl (containing 0.1% DMSO), the LPS group receiving LPS plus 0.9% NaCl (containing 0.1% DMSO), the Fer-1 group receiving Fer-1 only, and the LPS + Fer-1 group receiving both Fer-1 and LPS. The LPS-induced ALI model was induced by instilling intratracheally 50 μl of LPS solution (0.2 g/L), then Fer-1 (0.8 mg/kg) was administered after LPS challenge via tail vein injection. The Fer-1 was dissolved in DMSO first, and diluted with 0.9% NaCl. The final concentration of Fer-1 and DMSO was 0.2 mg/ml and 0.1% respectively. After the treatments for 16 h, the mice in each group were euthanized and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected via lung lavage. To analyze the differential BAL cell counts, the cells were concentrated using a Cytospin 4. Cell staining was performed using the Shandon Kwik-Diff kit. Additionally, the total protein concentration and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in each sample were detected with the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit, IL-6 ELISA Kit ELISA kit and TNF-α ELISA Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Lung tissues in different groups were collected for qPCR and western blot detection, and part of lung tissues was fixed using 10% buffered formalin, then the tissues were embedded in paraffin for histological analyses as the references. Herein, a scoring system of 0–4 was used for the evaluation of lung injury as the reference. |
| References |
[1]. Dixon SJ, et al. Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell. 2012;149(5):1060-1072.
[2]. Skouta R, Dixon SJ, Wang J, et al. Ferrostatins inhibit oxidative lipid damage and cell death in diverse disease models. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136(12):4551-4556. [3]. Horwath MC, et al. Antifungal Activity of the Lipophilic Antioxidant Ferrostatin-1. Chembiochem. 2017;18(20):2069-2078. [4]. Liu P, Feng Y, et al. Ferrostatin-1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting ferroptosis. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2020;25:10. Published 2020 Feb 27. [5]. Melania Guerrero Hue, et al. FP282 FERROPTOSIS-MEDIATED CELL DEATH IS DECREASED BY CURCUMIN IN RENAL DAMAGE ASSOCIATED TO RHABDOMYOLYSIS, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 34, Issue Supplement_1, June 2019, gfz106.FP282. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H22N2O2
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| Molecular Weight |
262.35
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| Exact Mass |
262.1681
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 68.67; H, 8.45; N, 10.68; O, 12.20
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| CAS # |
347174-05-4
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| Appearance |
Gray to gray purple solid
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| LogP |
3.9
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| tPSA |
64.35
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| SMILES |
O=C(OCC)C1=CC=C(NC2CCCCC2)C(N)=C1
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| InChi Key |
UJHBVMHOBZBWMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H22N2O2/c1-2-19-15(18)11-8-9-14(13(16)10-11)17-12-6-4-3-5-7-12/h8-10,12,17H,2-7,16H2,1H3
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| Chemical Name |
3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)-benzoic acid, ethyl ester
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| Synonyms |
Frer-1; 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)-benzoic acid, ethyl ester; Ferrostatin-1;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
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| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.53 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (9.53 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.93 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 0.2 mg/mL (0.76 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 5: 2% DMSO+50% PEG 300+5% Tween 80+ddH2O: 5mg/mL |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.8117 mL | 19.0585 mL | 38.1170 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7623 mL | 3.8117 mL | 7.6234 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3812 mL | 1.9059 mL | 3.8117 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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