Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The total activity of labeled carbon dioxide in the blood entering and leaving the brain was determined following a single injection of fumarate-2-(14)C in four normal human subjects. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the femoral artery and the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. Also, cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected. Evidence from the experiments indicates that there was an immmediate formation of (14)CO2 by the brain after injection of the isotope. It suggests that fumarate penetrates the blood-brain barrier with little difficulty.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food. It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase (fumarate hydratase) to malate.

[1]. Fumaric aciduria: a new organic aciduria, associated with mental retardation and speech impairment. Clin Chim Acta. 1983 Aug 31;132(3):301-8.

[2]. Fumaric acid attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Aug;58:423-31.

[3]. Fumaric acid and succinic acid treat gestational hypertension by downregulating the expression of KCNMB1 and TET1. Exp Ther Med. 2021 Oct;22(4):1072.

Fumaric acid appears as a colorless crystalline solid. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Combustible, though may be difficult to ignite. Used to make paints and plastics, in food processing and preservation, and for other uses.
Fumaric acid is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. It has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a conjugate acid of a fumarate(1-).
Fumaric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
Fumaric acid has been reported in Phomopsis velata, Tropicoporus linteus, and other organisms with data available.
Fumaric acid is a precursor to L-malate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is converted by fumarase to malate. A fumarate is a salt or ester of the organic compound fumaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid. Fumarate has recently been recognized as an oncometabolite. (A15199). As a food additive, fumaric acid is used to impart a tart taste to processed foods. It is also used as an antifungal agent in boxed foods such as cake mixes and flours, as well as tortillas. Fumaric acid is also added to bread to increase the porosity of the final baked product. It is used to impart a sour taste to sourdough and rye bread. In cake mixes, it is used to maintain a low pH and prevent clumping of the flours used in the mix. In fruit drinks, fumaric acid is used to maintain a low pH which, in turn, helps to stabilize flavor and color. Fumaric acid also prevents the growth of E. coli in beverages when used in combination with sodium benzoate. When added to wines, fumaric acid helps to prevent further fermentation and yet maintain low pH and eliminate traces of metallic elements. In this fashion, it helps to stabilize the taste of wine. Fumaric acid can also be added to dairy products, sports drinks, jams, jellies and candies. Fumaric acid helps to break down bonds between gluten proteins in wheat and helps to create a more pliable dough. Fumaric acid is used in paper sizing, printer toner, and polyester resin for making molded walls.

C4H4O4

116.07

116.01

110-17-8

9003-16-1

444972

White to off-white solid powder

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

355.5±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg

298-300 °C (subl.)(lit.)

183.0±19.7 °C

0.0±1.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.526

-0.01

2

4

2

8

119

0

C(=C/C(=O)O)\C(=O)O

VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N

InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+

(E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Lichenic acid; Kyselina fumarova; Fumaric acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~215.39 mM)
H2O : ~11.11 mg/mL (~95.72 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 8.33 mg/mL (71.77 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)