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5mg |
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10mg |
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25mg |
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50mg |
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100mg |
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Other Sizes |
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Glucagon 4HCl, the tetrahydrochloride salt of glucagon, is an endogenous peptide hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells. It can raise the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream and the effect is opposite to that of insulin, which lowers the glucose.
ln Vitro |
Glucagon stimulates hepatic glucose production (HGP) and induces hypertension by attaching to the Gcgr receptor and initiating cAMP-PKA signaling [1]. Insulin hypertensive hormone (100 nM) suppresses CYP7A1 mRNA expression in human primary cells. Glucagon enhances blood glucose Kisspeptin1 synthesis and gluconeogenesis [1–3]. The phosphorylation layer of HNF4α is increased by insulin (100 nM).Cell Lines. Phosphorylated HNF4α is significantly increased in human primary hepatocytes (H1211, HH1215) at a concentration of 100 nM over the course of the incubation period.
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ln Vivo |
Low glucagon doses (20 μg/kg) do not save ecologically fed elephants; instead, they cause hypertension.
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Cell Assay |
Western Blot Analysis[3]
Cell Types: Human primary hepatocytes (H1211, HH1215) Tested Concentrations: 100 nM Incubation Duration: Experimental Results: Results in a significant increase in the amount of phosphorylated HNF4α. |
Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: C57BL/6J mice (12- to 24 weeks old) [4]
Doses: 20 μg/kg and 1 mg/kg Route of Administration: administered by ip injection; insulin [4]. 45 min Experimental Results: Low dose (20 μg/kg) increases blood glucose but does not stimulate insulin secretion. High doses (1 mg/kg) lower blood sugar and stimulate insulin secretion. |
References |
[1]. Song WJ, et al. Glucagon regulates hepatic kisspeptin to impair insulin secretion. Cell Metab. 2014 Apr 1;19(4):667-81.
[2]. Hirota K, et al. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 is a novel downstream target of insulin via FKHR as a signal-regulated transcriptional inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 11;278(15):13056-60. [3]. Song KH, et al. Glucagon and cAMP inhibit cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expression in humanhepatocytes: discordant regulation of bile acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Hepatology. 2006 Jan;43(1):117-25. [4]. Capozzi ME, et al. Glucagon lowers glycemia when β-cells are active. JCI Insight. 2019 Jul 23;5. pii: 129954. |
Molecular Formula |
C153H229CL4N43O49S
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Molecular Weight |
3628.627
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CAS # |
16941-32-5
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Related CAS # |
Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine hydrochloride;28270-04-4
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Appearance |
Typically exists as solids (or liquids in special cases) at room temperature
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SMILES |
[HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT]
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Synonyms |
Glucagon HCl Glucagon hydrochloride, Porcine glucagon hydrochloride
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~6.67 mg/mL (~1.92 mM)
DMSO : ~2 mg/mL (~0.57 mM) |
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 0.2 mg/mL (0.06 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 2.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 0.2 mg/mL (0.06 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 2.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 0.2756 mL | 1.3779 mL | 2.7559 mL | |
5 mM | 0.0551 mL | 0.2756 mL | 0.5512 mL | |
10 mM | 0.0276 mL | 0.1378 mL | 0.2756 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.