Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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5g |
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10g |
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25g |
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Other Sizes |
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Palmitic acid (PA) is a long-chain (16-carbon chain) saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. It is the most prevalent saturated fatty acid, making up 20–30% of all fatty acids in the human body. It can be produced naturally by the process of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) or obtained through diet. Up to 44% of total fats in the oil extracted from the fruit of oil palms are composed primarily of PA. 50–60% of total fats are found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. These foods also contain palmitic acid.
Targets |
Microbial Metabolite; Human Endogenous Metabolite
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ln Vitro |
Palmitic acid (PA) binds to TLR4 through the adaptor protein MD2, and the TLR4 signal that PA produces causes a strong IL-1β response in addition to stimulating dendritic cell activation and maturation. One TLR4/MD-2 ligand is palmitic acid. TLR4 is the mechanism by which it promotes inflammation[1].
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ln Vivo |
Palmitic acid rapidly decreases mouse locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner through a mechanism that is dependent on fatty acid chain length rather than TLR4, MyD88, IL-1, IL-6, or TNFα. Mice exposed to palmitic acid exhibit anxiety-like behaviors while their amygdala-based serotonin metabolism is elevated[2].
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Cell Assay |
The INS-1 cells are seeded at 4,000 cells/well onto 96-well plates with 10% BSA and then incubated for 24 or 48 hours with either T0901317 (10 μmol/L), palmitic acid (250 μmol/L), a combination of T0901317 and palmitic acid, or PBS (mock control). Following the treatment incubation, 20 microliters of MTT solution (5 milligrams per milliliter of MTT in PBS, pH 7.4) are added to each well, and the mixture is then incubated for four hours at 37°C. After the supernatants are extracted from the wells, 15 μl of DMSO per well is added to dissolve the crystals. A microplate reader is used to measure the optical density at a wavelength of 490 nm.
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Animal Protocol |
C57BL/6J mice
0.3, 3, and 30 μmol/mouse i.p. |
References |
Molecular Formula |
C16H32O2
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Molecular Weight |
256.43
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Exact Mass |
256.24
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 74.94; H, 12.58; O, 12.48
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CAS # |
57-10-3
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Related CAS # |
Palmitic acid sodium;408-35-5;Palmitic acid-13C16 sodium;2483736-17-8;Palmitic acid-d4-1;75736-47-9;Palmitic acid-d31;39756-30-4;Palmitic acid-1-13C;57677-53-9;Palmitic acid-d2;62689-96-7;Palmitic acid-d3;75736-53-7;Palmitic acid-13C16;56599-85-0;Palmitic acid-d4;75736-49-1;Palmitic acid-13C;287100-87-2;Palmitic acid-13C sodium;201612-54-6;Palmitic acid-1,2,3,4-13C4;287100-89-4;Palmitic acid-15,15,16,16,16-d5;285979-77-3;Palmitic acid-13C2;86683-25-2;Palmitic acid-d2-1;62690-28-2;Palmitic acid-d4-2;75736-57-1;Palmitic acid-d17;81462-28-4;Palmitic acid-d2-2;272442-14-5;Palmitic acid-d2-3;83293-32-7;Palmitic acid-d2-4;30719-28-9;Palmitic acid-d;358730-99-1;Palmitic acid-d2-5;1219805-64-7;Palmitic acid-d9;1173022-49-5;Palmitic acid-d5;1219802-61-5;Palmitic acid-9,10-d2;78387-70-9
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Appearance |
Solid powder
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SMILES |
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
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InChi Key |
IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
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Chemical Name |
hexadecanoic acid
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Synonyms |
NSC5030; NSC-5030; NSC 5030; Palmitic acid
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.03.00
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~51 mg/mL (~198.9 mM)
Ethanol: 12.8~51 mg/mL (~50.0 mM) |
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 10 mg/mL (39.00 mM) in 15% Cremophor EL + 85% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (9.75 mM) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 3.8997 mL | 19.4985 mL | 38.9970 mL | |
5 mM | 0.7799 mL | 3.8997 mL | 7.7994 mL | |
10 mM | 0.3900 mL | 1.9498 mL | 3.8997 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
NCT01066091 | Completed | Other: mashed potatoes + Palmitic acid Other: Mashed potatoes |
Healthy Obesity |
Yves Boirie | March 2010 | Not Applicable |
NCT02835651 | Completed | Dietary Supplement: Palmitic acid Dietary Supplement: Stearic acid |
Dyslipidemia | Maastricht University Medical Center |
April 14, 2016 | Not Applicable |
T0901317 enhances palmitic acid-induced cell death in INS-1 cells. In Vivo . 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):711-8. td> |
T0901317 and palmitic acid induce increased SREBP-1c mRNA expression in INS-1 cells. In Vivo . 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):711-8. td> |
Palmitic acid decreases spontaneous locomotor activity. Metabolism . 2014 Sep;63(9):1131-40. td> |
Palmitic acid-induced loss of locomotion is not dependent on TLR4, MyD88, IL-1, IL-6 or TNFα. Metabolism . 2014 Sep;63(9):1131-40. td> |
Palmitic acid is a ligand for TLR4/MD-2. PLoS One . 2017 May 2;12(5):e0176793. td> |