Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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1g |
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Other Sizes |
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Targets |
Human Endogenous Metabolite NLRP3 Microbial Metabolite
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ln Vitro |
When fibroblasts were treated with trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) dihydrate in vitro, their size and migration increased in comparison to untreated fibroblasts. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2 and upregulates the expression of collagen I and α-SMA by increasing the expression of TGF-β receptor I. After treating newborn mouse fibroblasts with trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate, there is a decrease in TGF-betaRI ubiquitination. Additionally, smurf2 expression is inhibited by trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate[2]. Many marine animals have tissues that contain trimethylamine N-oxide, which is resistant to the negative effects of hydrostatic pressure, high urea, temperature, and salt [3].
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ln Vivo |
Cardiovascular illness is brought on by dimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) dihydrate, which increases inflammatory reactions. Three different diets—high choline, standard, or 3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB)—were given to C57BL/6 mice. In mice given choline, levels of trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate and choline were elevated. When HFpEF mice are fed a high-choline diet, heart failure considerably worsens left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, and diastolic dysfunction in comparison to mice fed a control diet. When compared to animals given a control diet, HFpEF mice on a high-choline diet had noticeably higher levels of cardiac fibrosis and inflammation [1].
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References |
[1]. Wei Shuai, et al. High-choline Diet Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail. 2020 May 14;S1071-9164(19)31802-0.
[2]. Wenlong Yang, et al. Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-oxide Accelerates Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Differentiation and Induces Cardiac Fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Sep;134:119-130. [3]. Manuel T Velasquez, et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Nov 8;8(11):326. |
Molecular Formula |
C3H13NO3
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Molecular Weight |
111.14
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CAS # |
62637-93-8
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Related CAS # |
Trimethylamine N-oxide;1184-78-7;Trimethylamine N-oxide-d9;1161070-49-0;Trimethylamine-N-oxide-13C3
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Appearance |
Typically exists as solids (or liquids in special cases) at room temperature
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SMILES |
[O-][N+](C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H].O([H])[H].O([H])[H]
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O: 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM)
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 120 mg/mL (1079.72 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 8.9977 mL | 44.9883 mL | 89.9766 mL | |
5 mM | 1.7995 mL | 8.9977 mL | 17.9953 mL | |
10 mM | 0.8998 mL | 4.4988 mL | 8.9977 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.