| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 500mg | ||
| 1g | ||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
α2-adrenoceptor (Ki = 12 nM)
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
[3H]Rauwolscine binds reversibly, stereospecifically, and saturably to α2-adrenergic receptors. In the meninges, tauwolscine [3H] selectively identifies the high-affinity and low-affinity states of α2-adrenergic receptors [1]. In accordance with previous functional investigations demonstrating that yohimbine and rauwolscine have agonistic qualities at the 5-HT autoreceptor level, [3H]rauwolscine also functions as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist [2]. Raufulin was found to have a reasonably high affinity for human receptors (Ki human = 14.3nM, Ki rat = 35.8nM) when [3H]5-HT was used as the radioligand [3]. The affinity of [3H]Rauwolscine is comparable in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs (2.33-3.03 nM), according to saturation experiments, but it is noticeably higher in humans (0.98 nM) .
|
| ln Vivo |
Rauwolscine (0.5 mg/kg, daily) enhances apoptosis and decreases cell proliferation to inhibit tumor growth in female Balb/c Balb/c mice [1]. Like clonidine (0.022 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg), benzodiazepines, rauwolscine (iv, 2.24 mg/kg) can also dramatically alleviate the licking conflict response in rats [2].
|
| Enzyme Assay |
[3H]Rauwolscine, a specific and potent alpha 2-antagonist radioligand, was used to characterize alpha 2-receptor binding in bovine cerebral cortex. [3H]Rauwolscine binding was reversible, stereospecific, and saturable. Association, dissociation, and saturation studies revealed one site interactions (k -1/k+1 = 1.2 nM, KD = 2.5 nM, Bmax = 160 fmol/mg protein) and competition studies indicated that [3H]rauwolscine labeled the alpha 2-receptor. Agonists inhibited [3H]rauwolscine binding in a shallow, GTP-sensitive manner. These results suggest that [3H]rauwolscine specifically labels both the high and low affinity states of the alpha 2-receptor in brain membranes[1].
|
| Cell Assay |
The alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist [3H]rauwolscine binds with comparable nanomolar affinity to alpha 2 adrenoceptors and the nonadrenergic 5-HT1A receptors sites in human frontal cortex membranes. Addition of 0.5 mM GTP into the incubation medium produces a significant decrease in the amount of [3H]rauwolscine binding sites (Bmax = 230 +/- 16 and 115 +/- 11 fmol/mg protein in the absence and presence of GTP, respectively). The affinity for [3H]rauwolscine remains unchanged (i.e. KD = 40 +/- 0.9 nM and 4.1 +/- 1 nM). This effect of GTP can be attributed to decreased binding of the radioligand to the 5-HT1A receptors. GTP decreases binding of [3H]rauwolscine to nearly the same level as the one corresponding to the alpha 2 adrenoceptors in membranes from both the human frontal cortex and hippocampus. The venom of the marine cone snail, Conus tessulatus, preferentially inhibits [3H]rauwolscine binding to 5-HT1A receptors as compared with the alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Following complete masking of the 5-HT1A receptors by this venom. GTP no longer affects the saturation binding characteristics of [3H]rauwolscine for the remaining alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Nucleotides decrease the binding of [3H]rauwolscine to the 5-HT1A receptors with an order of potencies (i.e. GTP gamma S greater than GPP(NH)P much greater than GDP greater than GTP much greater than ATP) that is typical for nucleotide-mediated receptor-G protein dissociation. This suggests that [3H]rauwolscine is a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and this conclusion is compatible with earlier functional studies, indicating that rauwolscine (as well as yohimbine) has agonistic properties at the level of 5-HT autoreceptors.
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| Animal Protocol |
The alpha 2 agonist clonidine has been shown to be anxiolytic in a number of preclinical anxiety models. Interestingly, intravenous infusion of the alpha 2 antagonists idazoxan at 10 mg/kg and rauwolscine at 2.24 mg/kg significantly disinhibited lick-shock conflict responding in rats similar to the alpha 2 agonist clonidine (0.022 mg/kg) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (0.5 mg/kg). However, the alpha 2 antagonists yohimbine and piperoxan, the alpha 2 agonists medetomidine, guanfacine, and guanabenz, the non-specific alpha antagonist phentolamine, and the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin did not disinhibit conflict responding in the Vogel lick-shock paradigm. In fact, yohimbine has been shown to be anxiogenic in both animals and man. This may be due to yohimbine's lack of specificity and its ability to inhibit GABAergic release. In addition, all of these agents, except idazoxan, did not increase water consumption in water deprived rats. Idazoxan (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased water consumption by 45%. Therefore, idazoxan increased conflict responding for water reward at a dose (10 mg/kg) which also decreased water consumption in a non-conflict paradigm. These data suggest that agents with selective antagonism at the alpha 2 receptor site may be anxiolytic while agents with less specificity at this site such as yohimbine, piperoxan, and phentolamine are not anxiolytic.[2]
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
rat LD50 intraperitoneal 50 mg/kg
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
Rauwolscine is a methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate.
Rauwolscine has been reported in Rauvolfia serpentina, Rauvolfia volkensii, and other organisms with data available. A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION. |
| Molecular Formula |
C21H26N2O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
354.44
|
| Exact Mass |
354.194
|
| CAS # |
131-03-3
|
| Related CAS # |
Rauwolscine hydrochloride;6211-32-1;Yohimbine Hydrochloride;65-19-0
|
| PubChem CID |
643606
|
| Appearance |
Light yellow to brown solid powder
|
| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
543.0±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
270-280ºC
|
| Flash Point |
282.2±30.1 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.661
|
| LogP |
2.2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
26
|
| Complexity |
555
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
|
| SMILES |
COC(=O)[C@@H]1[C@H](CC[C@H]2[C@@H]1C[C@H]3C4=C(CCN3C2)C5=CC=CC=C5N4)O
|
| InChi Key |
BLGXFZZNTVWLAY-DIRVCLHFSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H26N2O3/c1-26-21(25)19-15-10-17-20-14(13-4-2-3-5-16(13)22-20)8-9-23(17)11-12(15)6-7-18(19)24/h2-5,12,15,17-19,22,24H,6-11H2,1H3/t12-,15+,17+,18+,19+/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
methyl (1S,15S,18S,19S,20S)-18-hydroxy-1,3,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21-dodecahydroyohimban-19-carboxylate
|
| Synonyms |
Rauwolscine; alpha-Yohimbine; 131-03-3; Corynanthidine; Isoyohimbine; Mesoyohimbine; meso-Yohimbine; .alpha.-Yohimbine;
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.8214 mL | 14.1068 mL | 28.2135 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5643 mL | 2.8214 mL | 5.6427 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2821 mL | 1.4107 mL | 2.8214 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT00734422 | COMPLETED | Behavioral: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy | Phobic Disorders | VU University of Amsterdam | 2008-07 | Phase 2 Phase 3 |
| NCT04346394 | WITHDRAWN | Drug: Yohimbine HCl | Parkinson Disease | Nathaniel M. Robbins | 2021-05-11 | Early Phase 1 |
| NCT00975325 | COMPLETED | Drug: Yohimbine Drug: Yohimbine |
Erectile Dysfunction | Walter Ritter GmbH & Co | 2009-10 | Phase 4 |
| NCT00958880 | COMPLETEDWITH RESULTS | Behavioral: Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Drug: Yohimbine Hydrochloride Drug: Sugar Pill |
Social Anxiety Disorder | Southern Methodist University | 2009-03 | Phase 3 |
| NCT06430580 | NOT YET RECRUITING | Drug: Hydrocortisone Oral Drug: Yohimbine Hydrochloride Drug: Cornstarch Placebo 20mg Drug: Cornstarch Placebo 54mg |
Cannabis Use Disorder | Auburn University | 2024-08-15 | Early Phase 1 |
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