Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
... The levels of profenofos in whole blood, urine, and gastric contents were 1200 ng, 350 ng, and 3.35 mg/mL, respectively.
Rats rapidly excrete 14C-profenofos after oral admin. The predominant metabolic pathway involves stepwise dealkylation & hydrolysis, followed by conjugation.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure.

Toxicity Summary
Profenofos is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

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Toxicity Data
LC50 (rat) = 3,000 mg/m3/4h

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Interactions
... Five OP pesticides inhibit 50% of the brain fatty acid amide hydrolysis activity (ED50) at <30 mg/kg 4 hr after ip administration to mice; while inhibition by chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and methamidophos occurs near acutely toxic levels, and profenofos and tribufos are effective at asymptomatic doses. ... Fatty acid amide hydrolysis inhibition of > or =76% in brain depresses movement of mice administered anandamide at 30 mg/kg ip, often leading to limb recumbency. Thus, OP pesticides and related inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolysis potentiate the cannabinoid activity of anandamide in mice.
... Mixtures of atropine with eserine, pyridinium oximes, or the bispyridinium compound SAD-128 increased the LD50 of coadministered profenofos by up to sevenfold in chicks and fourfold in mice. Atropine and the oximes were less effective as profenofos antidotes, indicating that profenofos-inhibited AChE may undergo rapid aging. Brain AChE from chicks poisoned with profenofos was not reactivated by pralidoxime methanesulfonate, although it was from chicks poisoned with the phosphoramidothiolate, methamidophos. Similarly, eel AChE, inhibited in vitro by bioactivated (-)-profenofos, the most toxic isomer, did not reactivate in contrast to that inhibited by methamidophos, nonbioactivated (-)-profenofos, and (+)-profenofos, with or without bioactivation.

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Non-Human Toxicity Values
LD50 Rat oral 400 mg/kg
LD50 Rat skin 300 mg/kg
LD50 Mouse oral 162 mg/kg
LD50 Rabbit oral 700 mg/kg
For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PROFENOFOS (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

[1]. Profenofos, an Acetylcholinesterase-Inhibiting Organophosphorus Pesticide: A Short Review of Its Usage, Toxicity, and Biodegradation J Environ Qual.2016 Sep;45(5):1478-1489.

Profenofos is a pale yellow liquid with garlic-like odor. Corrosive. Used as an insecticide.
Profenofos is an organic thiophosphate, an organophosphate insecticide, an organochlorine insecticide and a member of monochlorobenzenes. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is functionally related to a 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol.
Profenofos is an insecticide used on a wide variety of crops to control many pests but mainly Lepidoptera and mites. It is non-systemic with contact and stomach action, and an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. It is a broad-spectrum organophosphorous pesticide that is used widely in cotton fields for insect control. It is a pale yellow liquid with garlic-like odor and corrosive. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

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Mechanism of Action
Non-systemic insecticide & acaricide with contact & stomach action. Exhibits a translaminar effect. Cholinesterase inhibitor.

C11H15BRCLO3PS

373.63

371.935

41198-08-7

38779

Colorless to light yellow liquid

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

401.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg

196.8±31.5 °C

0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C

1.553

4.6

0

4

7

18

296

0

CCCSP(=O)(OCC)OC1=C(C=C(C=C1)Br)Cl

QYMMJNLHFKGANY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C11H15BrClO3PS/c1-3-7-18-17(14,15-4-2)16-11-6-5-9(12)8-10(11)13/h5-6,8H,3-4,7H2,1-2H3

4-bromo-2-chloro-1-[ethoxy(propylsulfanyl)phosphoryl]oxybenzene

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO: 50 mg/mL (133.82 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (6.69 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)