| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| Other Sizes |
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. |
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Uremic toxins such as 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propanoic acid are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869). |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid is a furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases. It has a role as a uremic toxin and a human metabolite. It is a furoic acid and a dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate and a 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate(2-).
3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propanoic acid(CMPF) is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be subdivided into three major groups based upon their chemical and physical characteristics: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small, lipid-soluble and/or protein-bound compounds, such as the phenols and 3) larger so-called middle-molecules, such as beta2-microglobulin. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propanoic acid(CMPF) is significantly accumulated in the serum of chronic kidney disease patients and is considered to be a potent uremic toxin There are several minor derivatives of CMPF that have been detected in serum and urine including 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-pentyl-2-furanpropionic acid, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-ethyl-2-furanpropionic acid and 3-carboxy-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid. CMPF was first detected in human urine in 1979 and it is believed to be formed from the consumption of fish, vegetables and fruits CMPF is a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and is associated with thyroid dysfunction CMPF also directly inhibits renal secretion of various drugs and endogenous organic acids by competitively inhibiting OAT3 transporters It is also thought to contribute to various neurological abnormalities because it inhibits the transport of organic acids at the blood-brain barrier (A3278, A3302, A3303, A3304). |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H16O5
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
240.25
|
| Exact Mass |
240.099
|
| CAS # |
86879-39-2
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| Related CAS # |
CMPF-d5;2749807-07-4
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| PubChem CID |
123979
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
404.0±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
198.1±28.7 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.532
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| LogP |
2.63
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
289
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
WMCQWXZMVIETAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H16O5/c1-3-4-8-7(2)11(12(15)16)9(17-8)5-6-10(13)14/h3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,13,14)(H,15,16)
|
| Chemical Name |
2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO :~250 mg/mL (~1040.58 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples.
Injection Formulations
Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline)(e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] Oral Formulations
Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). View More
Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.1623 mL | 20.8117 mL | 41.6233 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8325 mL | 4.1623 mL | 8.3247 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4162 mL | 2.0812 mL | 4.1623 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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