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1mg |
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5mg |
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10mg |
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Other Sizes |
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ln Vitro |
Inducing neuronal death, dynorphin A (10 μM, 4 h/72 h) raises the amount of cytochrome c produced from mitochondria and caspase-3 activity in mouse striatal neurons [3]. At 33 μM, during four hours, dynorphin A raises [Ca2+]i and significantly reduces neuronal viability [4]. In isolated neural lobes, the release of vasopressin (VP) is inhibited by 1 μM of dynorphin A [5].
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ln Vivo |
Male rats that are dehydrated for 24 hours are not able to release vasopressin (VP) when given a single dose of 1 μg/2 μL of intracerebroventricular injection of dysorphin A [5]. In ddY mice, intracerebroventricular injections of 500 pmol/5 μL each day for four days can ameliorate behavioral problems caused by stress and control the brain's 5-HTergic system [6].
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Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay [3]
Cell Types: Mouse Striatal Neurons Tested Concentrations: 10 μM Incubation Duration: 0, 24, 48, 72 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Induction of neuronal death (identified by fragmentation and destruction of cell bodies and neurites ). |
Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: 24-hour water-deprived male rats [5]
Doses: 1 μg/2 μL Route of Administration: Intracerebroventricular injection Experimental Results: Inhibition of vasopressin (VP) release 30 minutes after injection. Animal/Disease Models: Male ddY mice [6] Doses: 15, 150, 1500 pmol/5 μL per day for 4 days. Route of Administration: lateral ventricular injection. Experimental Results: Reduce the failure of escape from electric shock caused by repeated stress. |
References |
[1]. Zhang, et al.Dynorphin A as a Potential Endogenous Ligand for Four Members of the Opioid Receptor Gene Family. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):136-41.
[2]. Aruna Sharma, et al. Monoclonal antibodies as novel neurotherapeutic agents in CNS injury and repair. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2012;102:23-45. [3]. I. N. SINGH, et al. Dynorphin A (1–17) induces apoptosis in striatal neurons in vitro through AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Neuroscience. 2003;122(4):1013-23. [4]. K F Hauser, et al. Dynorphin A (1-13) neurotoxicity in vitro: opioid and non-opioid mechanisms in mouse spinal cord neurons. Exp Neurol. 1999 Dec;160(2):361-75. [5]. B J Van de Heijning, et al. Dynorphin-A and vasopressin release in the rat: a structure-activity study. Neuropeptides. 1994 Jun;26(6):371-8. [6]. Takayoshi Mamiya, et al. Dynorphin a (1-13) alleviated stress-induced behavioral impairments in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(8):1269-73. |
Molecular Formula |
C99H155N31O23
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Molecular Weight |
2147.48392033577
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CAS # |
80448-90-4
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Related CAS # |
Dynorphin A TFA
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Appearance |
Typically exists as solids (or liquids in special cases) at room temperature
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SMILES |
NCCCCC(C(NC(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12)C(NC(C(NC(C(NC(C(=O)O)CCC(=O)N)=O)CC(=O)N)=O)CC(=O)O)=O)=O)NC(C(NC(C(NC(C1CCCN1C(C(NC(C(NC(C(NC(C(NC(C(NC(C(CC1C=CC=CC=1)NC(CNC(CNC(C(CC1C=CC(O)=CC=1)N)=O)=O)=O)=O)CC(C)C)=O)CCCNC(=N)N)=O)CCCNC(=N)N)=O)C(CC)C)=O)CCCNC(=N)N)=O)=O)CCCCN)=O)CC(C)C)=O
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~46.57 mM)
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~46.57 mM) |
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 3 mg/mL (1.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 30.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 3 mg/mL (1.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 30.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 3 mg/mL (1.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 0.4657 mL | 2.3283 mL | 4.6566 mL | |
5 mM | 0.0931 mL | 0.4657 mL | 0.9313 mL | |
10 mM | 0.0466 mL | 0.2328 mL | 0.4657 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.