Raf-1 (IC50 = 2.5 nM); Tie2 (IC50 = 311 ± 46 nM); VEGFR2 (IC50 = 4.2 nM); VEGFR1 (IC50 = 13 nM); VEGFR2 (IC50 = 4.2 nM); BRafV600E (IC50 = 19 nM); PDGFRβ (IC50 = 22 nM); Braf (IC50 = 28 nM); VEGFR3 (IC50 = 46 nM)

Regorafenib (0-10 μM, 96 h) exhibits anti-proliferation activity in GIST 882, Thyroid TT, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, A375, and SW620 cells[1].
Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506), a novel oral multikinase inhibitor, potently inhibits these endothelial cell kinases in biochemical and cellular kinase phosphorylation assays. Furthermore, regorafenib inhibits additional angiogenic kinases (VEGFR1/3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) and the mutant oncogenic kinases KIT, RET and B-RAF.
Regorafenib inhibited growth of human Hep3B, PLC/PRF/5, and HepG2 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Multiple signaling pathways were altered, including MAP kinases phospho-ERK and phospho-JNK and its target phospho-c-Jun. There was evidence for apoptosis by FACS, cleavage of caspases and increased Bax levels; as well as induction of autophagy, as judged by increased Beclin-1 and LC3 (II) levels. Prolonged drug exposure resulted in cell quiescence. Full growth recovery occurred after drug removal, unlike with doxorubicin chemotherapy. Regorafenib is a potent inhibitor of cell growth. Cells surviving Regorafenib treatment remain viable, but quiescent and capable of regrowth following drug removal. The reversibility of tumor cell growth suppression after drug removal may have clinical implications.[3]
Regorafenib (0–3000 nM, 30 min) inhibits FGFR and pERK1/2 as well as the autophosphorylation of VEGFR2, TIE2, and PDGFR-β.
Regorafenib has an IC50 of 5 μM and inhibits Hep3B cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Regorafenib then elevates phospho-c-Jun levels in Hep3B cells, a JNK target, but not total c-Jun levels[3].

Regorafenib (10 mg/kg, Orally, once or twice daily for 4 days) inhibits tumor growth and tumor vasculature in a rat GS9L glioblastoma model[1].
Regorafenib (0-100 mg/kg, Orally, qd × 9) exhibits antitumorigenic and antiangiogenic effects in the Colo-205, MDA-MB-231 and 786-O model[1].
The antiangiogenic effect of regorafenib was demonstrated in vivo by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Regorafenib administered once orally at 10 mg/kg significantly decreased the extravasation of Gadomer in the vasculature of rat GS9L glioblastoma tumor xenografts. In a daily (qd)×4 dosing study, the pharmacodynamic effects persisted for 48 hr after the last dosing and correlated with tumor growth inhibition (TGI). A significant reduction in tumor microvessel area was observed in a human colorectal xenograft after qd×5 dosing at 10 and 30 mg/kg. Regorafenib exhibited potent dose-dependent TGI in various preclinical human xenograft models in mice, with tumor shrinkages observed in breast MDA-MB-231 and renal 786-O carcinoma models. Pharmacodynamic analyses of the breast model revealed strong reduction in staining of proliferation marker Ki-67 and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinases 1/2. These data demonstrate that regorafenib is a well-tolerated, orally active multikinase inhibitor with a distinct target profile that may have therapeutic benefit in human malignancies[1].

In vitro assays using recombinant VEGFR2 (murine aa785–aa1367), VEGFR3 (murine aa818–aa1363), PDGFRβ (aa561–aa1106), Raf-1 (aa305–aa648) and BRafV600E (aa409–aa765) kinase domains are performed. At a constant 1 μM Regorafenib concentration, the initial in vitro kinase inhibition profiling is carried out. Select responding kinases, such as VEGFR1 and RET, are used to calculate the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Using a recombinant fusion protein of glutathione-S-transferase, the intracellular domain of TIE2, and the peptide biotin-Ahx-EPKDDAYPLYSDFG as substrate, the homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay is used to measure TIE2 kinase inhibition.

For proliferation tests, GIST 882 and TT cells are grown in RPMI medium with L-glutamine, while MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and A375 cells are grown in DMEM that is always supplemented with 10% high-fat b-casein sulfate. Trypsinized cells are plated at 5×104 cells per well in 96-well plates with complete media containing 10% FBS, and grown overnight at 37 °C. The incubation is continued for another 96 hours with the addition of vehicle or Regorafenib, serially diluted in complete growth media to final concentrations between 10 μM and 5 nM, and 0.2% DMSO. You can measure cell proliferation.[1]

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VEGFR2 phosphorylation was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting[1]
NIH-3T3 cells transfected with human VEGFR2 were plated at 30,000 cells/well in 96-well plates in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 10% FBS; 6 hr after plating, media was changed to 0.1% BSA/DMEM and incubation continued for 24 hr. Cells were treated with vehicle or various concentrations of Regorafenib in 0.1% BSA/DMEM/0.1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 1 hr at 37°C, prior to stimulation with recombinant VEGF165 at 30 ng/mL final concentration for 5 min. Cells were washed with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and lysed in 100 μL of lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM Na3VO4, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 1.5 mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid and complete protease inhibitor cocktail).

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Regorafenib treatment [3]
Each cell line was seeded at 0.3×105 cells/2ml of DMEM containing 10% FBS in 35 mm tissue culture dishes. The cells were incubated for 24 h to allow attachment, and then the medium was replaced by fresh culture medium containing Regorafenib at increasing concentrations (1 μM, 2.5 μM, 5 μM, 7.5 μM and 10 μM). In these experimental conditions, the cells were allowed to grow for 72 or 96 h. Time-course experiments on Hep3B cells were performed with 7.5 μM of Regorafenib at short (15, 60, 180 min.), middle (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) or long times (up to seven days). When the cells were treated for long times the drug was replaced with a fresh one. Each experiment included a control with the equivalent concentration of DMSO (solvent control) as the one used for adding Regorafenib. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated 3 times. Subsequent analyses were performed at specific Regorafenib concentrations and incubation times.

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Recovery/Reversibility [3]
To study the recovery in cell proliferation after drug withdrawal, Hep3B cells were treated with Regorafenib 5 or 7.5 μM for 3-7 days, then the medium was removed and replaced with fresh medium without drug. The rate of cell recovery was evaluated by MTT test at different subsequent time points. Doxorubicin treatment at 0.01or 0.05 or 0.1 μM was used as positive control to study the apoptotic process.

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FACS analysis for apoptosis [3]
The FITC-annexin V kit was used to detect apoptosis as specified by the supplier. Briefly, 1×106 cells treated with various Regorafenib concentrations for 48 h were harvested and washed with PBS. Cells were resuspended in binding buffer and then incubated for 5 min at room temperature in the dark after 5 μl AnnexinV-FITC and 10μl 7-amino actinomycin D (7AAD) intercalates into DNA. Intact cells were discriminated from apoptotic cells.

Female athymic NCr nu/nu mice with Colo-205, MDA-MB-231 or 786-O
3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg
Orally

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Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging [1]
For DCE-MRI experiments, Fischer 344 rats were inoculated with 3×106 GS9L cells intramuscularly into the left thigh. Treatment was initiated when the tumor reached between 300 and 700 mm3. MRI was performed using a Siemens 1.5T Avanto MRI system equipped with a dedicated animal receiver coil. Regorafenib was administered orally, either as single administration (daily [qd]×1) or qd×4 at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. DCE-MRI examinations were performed using the contrast agent Gadomer-17 before therapy and 4, 8, 24, 48 hr and 4 days after the last regorafenib administration. For MRI, animals were anesthetized using 1.5% Isoflurane in O2/N2O. Gadomer-17 was injected intravenously at a dose of 50 μmol Gd/kg body weight into the tail vein at a rate of 0.5 mL/s using an automated injection device. For DCE-MRI data acquisition, a 2D turbo flash saturation recovery pulse sequence was used with the settings: echo time (TE): 1.63 ms, repetition time (TR): 350 ms, inversion time (TI): 180 ms, flip angle (FL): 10°, four averages, 5 mm slice thickness at 0.8 × 0.8 mm2 in plane resolution. The acquisition time for 1 image was 1.4 s, and 254 images were acquired over ∼6 min. Before contrast agent injection, six images were acquired as baseline. For data evaluation, a region of interest was defined covering the complete tumor on one acquired slice. Signal intensity in the region of interest over time was analyzed. Area under the curve of the initial 360 seconds after Gadomer-17 injection (IAUC360) of MRI signal intensity over time graphs in tumor were normalized to muscle as nonaffected reference tissue in each animal and used for data evaluation. Tumor volume was determined at various time points: at staging (predose), at qd×4 of oral dosing (day 4 post-treatment) and at days 6 and 8 after staging using MRI pulse sequence set at: 3D gradient recalled echo, TE: 9 ms, TR: 16 ms, FL: 40°, one average, 60 slices at 0.7 mm slice thickness and 0.35 × 0.35 mm2 in plane resolution. Volume was calculated by slice per slice tumor area evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired two-sided Student's t test.

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Examination of microvessel area, Ki-67 and MAPK in tumor xenograft models [1]
Animals with tumors of ∼200 mg were treated orally with regorafenib at 10 and 30 mg/kg on a qd×5 schedule. Subsequently, tumors were harvested, paraffin-embedded, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tumor endothelial cells were detected using an antibody against CD-31 (#M-20, 1:750). Inhibition of cell signaling was assessed using an antibody against pERK1/2 (#9101L, 1:100), and tumor cell proliferation was analyzed using an antibody against Ki-67, as previously described.
For tumor MVA determinations, CD-31 stained slides were coded before analysis. Tissue sections were viewed using a 10× objective magnification (0.644 mm2 per field). Four fields per section were randomly analyzed, excluding peripheral surrounding connective and central necrotic tissues. CD-31-positive areas were quantified using the software Image-Pro Plus version 3.0 and SIS image analysis. The data are presented as MVA, %. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way analysis of variance on ranks using Kruskal–Wallis, and the Dunnett method was used for comparison with the vehicle group; p < 0.05 was considered significant.

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Tumor xenograft experiments [1]
Female athymic NCr nu/nu mice, kept in accordance with Federal guidelines, were subcutaneously inoculated with 5×106 Colo-205 or MDA-MB-231 cells or implanted with 1 mm3 786-O tumor fragments. When tumors reached a volume of ∼100 mm3, regorafenib or vehicle control was administered orally qd×21 in the 786-O model, and qd×9 in the Colo-205 and MDA-MB-231 models, respectively, at doses of 100, 30, 10, and 3 mg/kg. Paclitaxel was administered intravenously at 10 mg/kg in ethanol/Cremophor EL®/saline (12.5%/12.5%/75%) every 2 days × 5. Tumor size (volume) was estimated twice weekly (l×w2)/2, and the percentage of tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was obtained from terminal tumor weights (1-T/C×100). Mice were weighed every other day starting from the first day of treatment. The general health status of the mice was monitored daily.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Cmax = 2.5 μg/mL; Tmax = 4 hours; AUC = 70.4 μg*h/mL; Cmax, steady-state = 3.9 μg/mL; AUC, steady-state = 58.3 μg*h/mL; The mean relative bioavailability of tablets compared to an oral solution is 69% to 83%.
Approximately 71% of a radiolabeled dose was excreted in feces (47% as parent compound, 24% as metabolites) and 19% of the dose was excreted in urine (17% as glucuronides) within 12 days after administration of a radiolabeled oral solution at a dose of 120 mg.
Regorafenib undergoes enterohepatic circulation with multiple plasma concentration peaks observed across the 24-hour dosing interval.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Regorafenib is metabolized by CYP3A4 and UGT1A9. The main circulating metabolites of regorafenib measured at steady-state in human plasma are M-2 (N-oxide) and M-5 (N-oxide and N-desmethyl), both of them having similar in vitro pharmacological activity and steady-state concentrations as regorafenib. M-2 and M-5 are highly protein bound (99.8% and 99.95%, respectively). Regorafenib is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, while its active metabolites M-2 (N-oxide) and M-5 (N-oxide and N-desmethyl) are substrates of P-glycoprotein.

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Biological Half-Life
Regorafenib, 160 mg oral dose = 28 hours (14 - 58 hours); M2 metabolite, 160 mg oral dose = 25 hours (14-32 hours); M5 metabolite, 160 mg oral dose = 51 hours (32-72 hours);

Hepatotoxicity
In large clinical trials of regorafenib, elevations in serum aminotransferase levels were common, occurring in 39% to 45% of patients, and were greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 3% to 6%. In addition, there have been several reports of clinically apparent liver injury arising during regorafenib therapy which was often severe and occasionally fatal, estimated to occur in 0.3% of treated subjects. For these reasons, routine monitoring of liver enzymes is recommended. Regorafenib induced liver injury can present in several different patterns or phenotypes. Some patients present within a few days of starting regorafenib with acute hepatic necrosis, high levels of serum aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase with mild jaundice, but prolongation of INR and signs of hepatic failure. The injury can be severe but is generally self-limited and recovery is rapid and complete. Other patients present with an acute viral hepatitis like pattern, hepatocelllar (or mixed) serum enzyme elevations and jaundice that can be prolonged and has been fatal in several instances. Autoimmune and immunoallergic features are uncommon. In addition, rare instances of regorafenib associated liver injury have presented with a sinusoidal obstruction-like syndrome or pseudocirrhosis, with marked hepatic nodularity and ascites that eventually improves or resolves. Finally, regorafenib, like other multi-kinase inhibitors [sunitinib, imatinib, sorafenib], has also been associated with episodes of hyperammonemic coma generally arising within a few days or weeks of starting and with rapid reversal upon stopping treatment.
Likelihood score: B (highly likely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

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Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
No information is available on the clinical use of regorafenib during breastfeeding. Because regorafenib is 99.5% bound to plasma proteins, the amount in milk is likely to be low. However, one of its metabolites has a half-life of up to 70 hours, and might accumulate in the infant. The manufacturer recommends that breastfeeding be discontinued during regorafenib therapy and for 2 weeks after the final dose.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Protein Binding
Regorafenib is highly bound (99.5%) to human plasma proteins.

[1]. Int J Cancer . 2011 Jul 1;129(1):245-55.

[2]. Ther Adv Med Oncol . 2010 Jan;2(1):39-49.

[3]. J Cell Physiol . 2013 Feb;228(2):292-7.

Regorafenib is a pyridinecarboxamide obtained by condensation of 4-[4-({[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-fluorophenoxy]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid with methylamine. Used for for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who have previously received chemotherapy, anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF therapy. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a hepatotoxic agent. It is an aromatic ether, a pyridinecarboxamide, a member of monochlorobenzenes, a member of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes, a member of monofluorobenzenes and a member of phenylureas.
Regorafenib is an orally-administered inhibitor of multiple kinases. It is used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and hepatocellular carcinoma. FDA approved on September 27, 2012. Approved use of Regorafenib was expanded to treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma in April 2017.
Regorafenib anhydrous is a Kinase Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of regorafenib anhydrous is as a Kinase Inhibitor, and Cytochrome P450 2C9 Inhibitor, and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibitor, and UGT1A9 Inhibitor, and UGT1A1 Inhibitor.
Regorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that is used in the therapy of refractory metastatic colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Regorafenib has been associated with frequent serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy and with rare, but sometimes severe and even fatal instances of clinically apparent liver injury.
Regorafenib Anhydrous is the anhydrous form of regorafenib, an orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Regorafenib binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 2 and 3, and Ret, Kit, PDGFR and Raf kinases, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. VEGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that play important roles in tumor angiogenesis; the receptor tyrosine kinases RET, KIT, and PDGFR, and the serine/threonine-specific Raf kinase are involved in tumor cell signaling.
Regorafenib is the hydrate form of regorafenib, an orally bioavailable small molecule with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Regorafenib binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 2 and 3, and Ret, Kit, PDGFR and Raf kinases, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. VEGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases that play important roles in tumor angiogenesis; the receptor tyrosine kinases RET, KIT, and PDGFR, and the serine/threonine-specific Raf kinase are involved in tumor cell signaling.
See also: Regorafenib Monohydrate (active moiety of).

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Drug Indication
Regorafenib is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy, and, if KRAS wild type, an anti-EGFR therapy. Regorafenib is also indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate. Regorafenib is also indicated for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) previously treated with sorafenib.
FDA Label
Stivarga is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with: metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) who have been previously treated with, or are not considered candidates for, available therapies - these include fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy and an anti-EGFR therapy; unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) who progressed on or are intolerant to prior treatment with imatinib and sunitinib; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib.
Treatment of all conditions contained in the category of malignant neoplasms (except haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue)

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Mechanism of Action
Regorafenib is a small molecule inhibitor of multiple membrane-bound and intracellular kinases involved in normal cellular functions and in pathologic processes such as oncogenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment. In in vitro biochemical or cellular assays, regorafenib or its major human active metabolites M-2 and M-5 inhibited the activity of RET, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, KIT, PDGFR-alpha, PDGFR-beta, FGFR1, FGFR2, TIE2, DDR2, TrkA, Eph2A, RAF-1, BRAF, BRAFV600E , SAPK2, PTK5, and Abl at concentrations of regorafenib that have been achieved clinically. In in vivo models, regorafenib demonstrated anti-angiogenic activity in a rat tumor model, and inhibition of tumor growth as well as anti-metastatic activity in several mouse xenograft models including some for human colorectal carcinoma.

C21H15CLF4N4O3

482.82

482.076

C, 52.24; H, 3.13; Cl, 7.34; F, 15.74; N, 11.60; O, 9.94

755037-03-7

Regorafenib monohydrate;1019206-88-2;Regorafenib-d3;1255386-16-3;Regorafenib Hydrochloride;835621-07-3;Regorafenib mesylate;835621-08-4;Regorafenib-13C,d3

11167602

Off-white to light pink solid powder

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

513.4±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

206.0 to 210.0 °C

264.3±30.1 °C

0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.616

5.26

3

8

5

33

686

0

O=C(NC1=CC=C(C(C(F)(F)F)=C1)Cl)NC2=CC=C(OC3=CC(C(NC)=O)=NC=C3)C=C2F

FNHKPVJBJVTLMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C21H15ClF4N4O3/c1-27-19(31)18-10-13(6-7-28-18)33-12-3-5-17(16(23)9-12)30-20(32)29-11-2-4-15(22)14(8-11)21(24,25)26/h2-10H,1H3,(H,27,31)(H2,29,30,32)

4-[4-[[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoylamino]-3-fluorophenoxy]-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide

BAY-734506; BAY734506; 755037-03-7; BAY 73-4506; Stivarga; 4-(4-(3-(4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)-3-fluorophenoxy)-N-methylpicolinamide; Regorafenibum; Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506); BAY-73-4506; BAY 734506; Regorafenib. Brand name: Stivarga

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 7.5 mg/mL (15.53 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 75.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.75 mg/mL (5.70 mM) in 5% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 50% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.18 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 30% PEG400+0.5% Tween80+5% Propylene glycol : 30mg/mL

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)