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Ritonavir (ABT-538; Norvir)

Alias: ABT-538; A 84538; Norvir; ABT538; Norvir; ABT-538; A-84538; Abbott 84538; ABBOTT-84538; Empetus; A-84538; Norvir Sec; 538, ABT; Ritonavir; ABT 538;
Cat No.:V0729 Purity: ≥98%
Ritonavir (previously known as ABT-538; A-84538; RTV; ABT538, trade name: Norvir) is a L-valine derivative and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 protease used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. It is widely used as a booster for other protease inhibitors/PIs such as lopinavir, and makes them work better.
Ritonavir (ABT-538; Norvir)
Ritonavir (ABT-538; Norvir) Chemical Structure CAS No.: 155213-67-5
Product category: HIV Protease
This product is for research use only, not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Size Price Stock Qty
25mg
50mg
100mg
250mg
500mg
1g
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Other Forms of Ritonavir (ABT-538; Norvir):

  • rel-Ritonavir-d6 (ritonavir-d6; rel-ABT 538-d6; rel-RTV-d6)
  • Ritonavir-d6 (ABT 538-d6; RTV-d6)
  • Ritonavir metabolite
  • Ritonavir-13C,d3 (ABT 538-13C,d3; RTV-13C,d3)
Official Supplier of:
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Top Publications Citing lnvivochem Products
Purity & Quality Control Documentation

Purity: ≥98%

Product Description

Ritonavir (previously known as ABT-538; A-84538; RTV; ABT538, trade name: Norvir) is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 protease and a derivative of L-valine used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. It is frequently used to improve the effectiveness of other protease inhibitors, or PIs, like lopinavir. More precisely, ritonavir is used to block CYP3A4, a specific liver enzyme that typically metabolizes protease inhibitors. Ritonavir demonstrates strong in vitro inhibitory effects against both HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains, with 50% effective concentration EC50 values of 0.022 μM and 0.16 μM, respectively.

Biological Activity I Assay Protocols (From Reference)
Targets
CYP3A4; HIV
ln Vitro
Ritonavir has a mean Ki of 19 nM, making it a very potent inhibitor of CYP3A4-mediated testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. It also has an IC50 of 4.2 μM for tolbutamide hydroxylation.[1]
Ritonavir has a mean Ki of 19 nM, making it a very potent inhibitor of CYP3A4-mediated testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. It also has an IC50 of 4.2 μM for tolbutamide hydroxylation. (Source: ) It is discovered that ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A-mediated biotransformations (IC50 values for nifedipine oxidation and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation are 0.07 mM, 2 mM, and 0.14 mM, respectively). The reactions mediated by CYP2D6 (IC50 = 2.5 mM) and CYP2C9/10 (IC50 = 8.0 mM) are also found to be inhibited by ritonavir.[2]
In human PBMC cultures that are not infected, ritonavir increases cell viability. In uninfected human PBMC cultures, ritonavir significantly reduces caspase-3 activity, annexin V staining, and the susceptibility of PBMCs to apoptosis, which is correlated with lower levels of caspase-1 expression. In PBMCs and monocytes, ritonavir inhibits the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in a time- and dose-dependent manner at nontoxic concentrations.[3]
Ritonavir has a high affinity for p-glycoprotein as evidenced by its ability to inhibit p-glycoprotein-mediated extrusion of saquinavir, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM.[4] Ritonavir has a 13 nM Ki that potently inhibits the microsomal metabolism of ABT-378 in human liver. Inhibiting CYP3A (IC50 = 1.1 and 4.6 μM), Ritonavir in combination with ABT-378 (at 3:1 and 29:1 ratios) is less effective than Ritonavir (IC50 = 0.14 μM).[5]
ln Vivo
PAXLOVID™ (Co-packaging of Nirmatrelvir with ritonavir) has been approved for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The goal of the experiment was to create an accurate and straightforward analytical method using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in rat plasma, and to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs in rats. After protein precipitation using acetonitrile, nirmatrelvir, ritonavir, and the internal standard (IS) lopinavir were separated using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). This separation was achieved with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and an aqueous solution of 0.1% formic acid, using a reversed-phase column with a binary gradient elution. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technology, the analytes were detected in the positive electrospray ionization mode. Favorable linearity was observed in the calibration range of 2.0-10000 ng/mL for nirmatrelvir and 1.0-5000 ng/mL for ritonavir, respectively, within plasma samples. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) attained were 2.0 ng/mL for nirmatrelvir and 1.0 ng/mL for ritonavir, respectively. Both drugs demonstrated inter-day and intra-day precision below 15%, with accuracies ranging from -7.6% to 13.2%. Analytes were extracted with recoveries higher than 90.7% and without significant matrix effects. Likewise, the stability was found to meet the requirements of the analytical method under different conditions. This UPLC-MS/MS method, characterized by enabling accurate and precise quantification of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in plasma, was effectively utilized for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats[8].
Enzyme Assay
Ritonavir (ABT 538) is an inhibitor of testosterone 6β-hydroxylation mediated by CYP3A4, with a mean Ki of 19 nM. It also has an IC50 of 4.2 μM for tolbutamide hydroxylation. It is discovered that ritonavir (ABT 538) is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A-mediated biotransformations (IC50 values for nifedipine oxidation and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation are 0.07 mM, 2 mM, and 0.14 mM, respectively). Inhibitors of the reactions mediated by CYP2D6 (IC50=2.5 mM) and CYP2C9/10 (IC50=8.0 mM) include ritonavir.
Cell Assay
In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are not infected, ritonavir increases cell viability. In uninfected human PBMC cultures, ritonavir significantly lowers the susceptibility of PBMCs to apoptosis, which is correlated with lower levels of caspase-1 expression, decreases in annexin V staining, and reduces caspase-3 activity. At nontoxic concentrations, ritonavir inhibits the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by monocytes and PBMCs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. With an IC50 of 0.2 μM, ritonavir inhibits p-glycoprotein-mediated saquinavir extrusion, suggesting a high affinity for p-glycoprotein. With a Ki of 13 nM, ritonavir potently inhibits the human liver microsomal metabolism of ABT-378. Although less potently than Ritonavir (IC50=0.14 μM), Ritonavir in combination with ABT-378 (at 3:1 and 29:1 ratios) inhibits CYP3A (IC50=1.1 and 4.6 μM).
Animal Protocol
BALB/c mice
60 mg/kg
i.p.
Animal experiments[8]
A cohort of six male Sprague-Dawley rats (in good health, and their individual weights falling within the range of 200–220 g) was used. Prior to commencing the experiment, the rats were housed in a controlled environment with clean cages for a week-long acclimation period. The ambient conditions were maintained at 25 °C and a 12-h light/dark cycle. During this time, the animals enjoyed ad libitum access to food and water. Before the day of dosing, a 12-h fasting period was performed, during which water intake remained unrestricted. Each rat was received an oral administration of a solution containing 30 mg/kg of nirmatrelvir and 10 mg/kg of ritonavir, formulated in 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose. At designated time points, including pre-dose (0 h), 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post-dosing, approximately 0.3 mL of blood was drawn from the tail vein into heparinized centrifuge tubes. After centrifugation of these samples at 8000×g and 25 °C for 10 min, the supernatant was carefully transferred into fresh tubes and stored at −80 °C pending further analysis.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in each rat, encompassing area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), apparent clearance (CLz/F), and mean residence time (MRT), were analyzed through non-compartmental statistical models using the Drugs and Statistics (DAS 3.0) software. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Drug repurposing is a promising strategy for identifying new applications for approved drugs. Here, we describe a polymer biomaterial composed of the antiretroviral drug ritonavir derivative (5-methyl-4-oxohexanoic acid ritonavir ester; RD), covalently bound to HPMA copolymer carrier via a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond (P-RD). Apart from being more potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein in comparison to ritonavir, we found RD to have considerable cytostatic activity in six mice (IC50 ~ 2.3-17.4 μM) and six human (IC50 ~ 4.3-8.7 μM) cancer cell lines, and that RD inhibits the migration and invasiveness of cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, RD inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation in CT26 cells in vitro and in vivo, and expression of the NF-κB p65 subunit, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in vitro. RD also dampens chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like proteasome activity and induces ER stress as documented by induction of PERK phosphorylation and expression of ATF4 and CHOP. P-RD nanomedicine showed powerful antitumor activity in CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, which, moreover, synergized with IL-2-based immunotherapy. P-RD proved very promising therapeutic activity also in human FaDu xenografts and negligible toxicity predetermining these nanomedicines as side-effect free nanosystem. The therapeutic potential could be highly increased using the fine-tuned combination with other drugs, i.e. doxorubicin, attached to the same polymer system. Finally, we summarize that described polymer nanomedicines fulfilled all the requirements as potential candidates for deep preclinical investigation.[7]
ADME/Pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
The absolute bioavailability of ritonavir has not been determined. Following oral administration, peak concentrations are reached after approximately 2 hours and 4 hours (Tmax) after dosing under fasting and non-fasting conditions, respectively. It should be noted that ritonavir capsules and tablets are not considered bioequivalent.
Ritonavir is primarily eliminated in the feces. Following oral administration of a single 600mg dose of radiolabeled ritonavir, approximately 11.3 ± 2.8% of the dose was excreted into the urine, of which 3.5 ± 1.8% was unchanged parent drug. The same study found that 86.4 ± 2.9% of the dose was excreted in the feces, of which 33.8 ± 10.8% was unchanged parent drug.
The estimated volume of distribution of ritonavir is 0.41 ± 0.25 L/kg.
The apparent oral clearance at steady-state is 8.8 ± 3.2 L/h. Renal clearance is minimal and estimated to be <0.1 L/h.
Ritonavir and its metabolites are eliminated from the body predominantly in the feces (86% of unchanged drug and metabolites), with minor urinary elimination (11%, mostly metabolites).
Absorption of ritonavir is only slightly affected by diet, and this is somewhat dependent on the formulation. The overall absorption of ritonavir from the capsule formulation may increase by 15% when taken with meals. ... There is greater than sixfold variability in drug trough concentrations among patients given 600 mg of ritonavir every 12 hours.
The extent of oral absorption is high and is not affected by food. Within the clinical concentration range, ritonavir is approximately 98 to 99% bound to plasma proteins, including albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug concentrations are low in relation to total plasma concentration. However, parallel decreases in the viral burden have been observed in the plasma, CSF and other tissues. ... About 34% and 3.5% of a 600 mg dose is excreted as unchanged drug in the feces and urine, respectively. The clinically relevant t1/2 beta is about 3 to 5 hours. Because of autoinduction, plasma concentrations generally reach steady state 2 weeks after the start of administration. The pharmacokinetics of ritonavir are relatively linear after multiple doses, with apparent oral clearance averaging 7 to 9 L/hr.
Ritonavir is excreted principally in the feces, both as unchanged drug and metabolites. Following oral administration of 600 mg of radiolabeled ritonavir as the oral solution, 86.4% of the dose is excreted in feces (33.8% as unchanged drug) and 11.3% of the dose is excreted in urine (3.5% as unchanged drug).
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for RITONAVIR (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Metabolism / Metabolites
Ritonavir circulates in the plasma predominantly as unchanged drug. Five metabolites have been identified. The isopropylthiazole oxidation metabolite (M-2) is the major metabolite in low plasma concentrations and retains similar antiviral activity to unchanged ritonavir. The cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A and CYP2D6 are the enzymes primarily involved in the metabolism of ritonavir.
... Ritonavir is primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isozymes and, to a lesser extent, by CYP2D6. Four major oxidative metabolites have been identified in humans, but are unlikely to contribute to the antiviral effect. ...
Five ritonavir metabolites have been identified in human urine and feces. The isopropylthiazole oxidation metabolite (M2) appears to be the major metabolite. M2 (but not other metabolites) has antiviral activity similar to that of ritonavir; however, only very low concentrations of this metabolite are present in plasma. Other metabolites identified in in vitro studies include a decarbamoylated metabolite (M1) and a product of N-dealkylation at the urea terminus (M11).
Biological Half-Life
The approximate half-life of ritonavir is 3-5 hours.
The clinically relevant t1/2 beta is about 3 to 5 hours.
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics
Hepatotoxicity
Some degree of serum aminotransferase elevations occurs in a high proportion of patients taking ritonavir containing antiretroviral regimens. Moderate-to severe elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (>5 times the upper limit of normal) are found in up to 15% of patients treated with full doses of ritonavir and are more common in patients with HIV-HCV coinfection. With low “booster” doses, ritonavir does not appear to increase the frequency or severity of serum enzyme elevations, and those that occur are usually asymptomatic and self-limited, resolving even with continuation of ritonavir. Clinically apparent liver injury from full doses of ritonavir has been reported, but hepatotoxicity from low dose ritonavir has not been clearly linked to acute liver injury. In many situations, the liver injury is difficult to attribute to ritonavir because it is used in combination with higher doses of other protease inhibitors. HIV protease inhibitors have been associated with acute liver injury arising 1 to 8 weeks after onset, with variable patterns of liver enzyme elevation, from hepatocellular to cholestatic. Immunoallergic features (rash, fever, eosinophilia) are uncommon as is autoantibody formation. Ritonavir in combination with saquinavir has also been associated with a rapid onset (1 to 4 days) acute hepatic injury in patients who are taking rifampin and perhaps other agents that affect CYP 450 activity, such as phenobarbital. Finally, initiation of ritonavir based highly active antiretroviral therapy can lead to exacerbation of an underlying chronic hepatitis B or C in coinfected individuals, typically arising 2 to 12 months after starting therapy and associated with a hepatocellular pattern of serum enzyme elevations and increases followed by falls in serum levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA or hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA. Ritonavir therapy has not been clearly linked to lactic acidosis and acute fatty liver that is reported in association with several nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Likelihood score: C (probable rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Ritonavir is excreted into milk in measurable concentrations and low levels can be found in the blood of some breastfed infants. No adverse reactions in breastfed infants have been reported. Achieving and maintaining viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy decreases breastfeeding transmission risk to less than 1%, but not zero. Individuals with HIV who are on antiretroviral therapy with a sustained undetectable viral load and who choose to breastfeed should be supported in this decision. If a viral load is not suppressed, banked pasteurized donor milk or formula is recommended.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Gynecomastia has been reported among men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Gynecomastia is unilateral initially, but progresses to bilateral in about half of cases. No alterations in serum prolactin were noted and spontaneous resolution usually occurred within one year, even with continuation of the regimen. Some case reports and in vitro studies have suggested that protease inhibitors might cause hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in some male patients, although this has been disputed. The relevance of these findings to nursing mothers is not known. The prolactin level in a mother with established lactation may not affect her ability to breastfeed.
Protein Binding
Ritonavir is highly protein-bound in plasma (~98-99%), primarily to albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein over the standard concentration range.
Interactions
These medications /amiodarone, astemizole, bepridil, bupropion, cisapride, clozapine, dihydroergotamine, encainide, ergotamine, flecainide, meperidine, pimozide, piroxicam, propafenone, propoxyphene, quinidine, rifabutin or terfenadine/ should not be administered concurrently with ritonavir; concurrent administration with ritonavir is likely to produce a large increase in the plasma concentrations of these medications, which may increase the risk of arrhythmias, hematologic abnormalities, seizures, or other potentially serious adverse effects.
In one study, concurrent administration /with clarithromycin/ increased the AUC of clarithromycin by 77% and the peak plasma concentration by 31%; dosing does not need to be adjusted in patients with normal renal function; however, for patients with a creatinine clearance of 30 to 60 ml/minute (0.5 to 1 ml/second), the dose of clarithromycin should be reduced by 50%, and for patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 30 ml/minute (0.5 ml/second), the dose of clarithromycin should be reduced by 75%.
These medications /clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, midazolam, triazolam, or zolpidem/ should not be administered concurrently with ritonavir; concurrent administration with ritonavir is likely to produce a large increase in the plasma concentrations of these medications, which may produce extreme sedation and respiratory depression.
In one study, concurrent administration /with estrogen-containing oral contraceptive/ decreased the AUC of ethinyl estradiol by 40%; an oral contraceptive with a higher estrogen content or an alternative method of contraception should be considered.
For more Interactions (Complete) data for RITONAVIR (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
References

[1]. Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1997 Aug;44(2):190-4.

[2]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 1996 Apr;277(1):423-31.

[3]. J Hum Virol . 1999 Sep-Oct;2(5):261-9.

[4]. Biochem Pharmacol . 1999 May 15;57(10):1147-52.

[5]. Drug Metab Dispos . 1999 Aug;27(8):902-8.

[6]. Nat Med . 2018 May;24(5):604-609.

[7]. J Control Release . 2021 Apr 10:332:563-580.

[8]. Heliyon . 2024 May 30;10(11):e32187.

Additional Infomation
Therapeutic Uses
Ritonavir is indicated in combination with nucleoside analogs or as monotherapy for the treatment of HIV infection or AIDS. /Included in US product labeling/
Lopinavir/ritonavir has demonstrated antiviral activity in the HIV-infected adult. The objective of this study was to investigate a liquid coformulation of lopinavir/ritonavir, in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, in HIV-infected children. One hundred antiretroviral (ARV)-naive and ARV-experienced, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-naive children between 6 months and 12 years of age participated in this Phase I/II, open label, multicenter trial. Subjects initially received either 230/57.5 mg/sq m or 300/75 mg/sq m lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily; ARV-naive subjects also received stavudine and lamivudine, whereas ARV-experienced subjects also received nevirapine and one or two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy were evaluated. All subjects were escalated to the 300/75 mg/sq m twice daily dose based on results from an interim pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation. The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir did not appear to be dependent on age when dosing was based on body surface area but were decreased on coadministration with nevirapine. Overall 79% of subjects had HIV RNA levels <400 copies/mL at Week 48 (intent-to-treat: missing = failure). Mean increases in absolute and relative (percent) CD4 counts from baseline to Week 48 were observed in both ARV-naive subjects (404 cells/cu mm; 10.3%) and ARV-experienced subjects (284 cells/cu mm; 5.9%). Only one subject prematurely discontinued the study because of a study drug-related adverse event. The liquid coformulation of lopinavir/ritonavir demonstrated durable antiviral activity and was safe and well-tolerated after 48 weeks of treatment in HIV-infected children.
Drug Warnings
The most frequent adverse effects associated with ritonavir therapy involve the GI tract. In one clinical study in HIV-infected patients, nausea occurred in 25.6%, vomiting in 13.7%, diarrhea in 15.4%, taste perversion in 11.1%, abdominal pain in 6%, local throat irritation in 1.7%, anorexia in 1.7%, and flatulence in 0.9% of patients who received ritonavir monotherapy. In clinical studies in patients with HIV infection who received ritonavir in conjunction with nucleoside antiretroviral therapy or ritonavir in conjunction with saquinavir, nausea occurred in 18.4-46.6%, vomiting in 7.1-23.3%, diarrhea in 22.7-25%, taste perversion in 5-17.2%, anorexia in 4.3-8.6%, abdominal pain in 2.1-8.3%, local throat irritation in 0.9-2.8%, and flatulence in 1.7-3.5% of patients. Constipation, dyspepsia, or fecal incontinence occurred in 0.2-3.4, 0.7-5.9, or 2.8%, respectively, of patients receiving ritonavir with other antiretroviral agents; these effects were not reported in patients receiving ritonavir monotherapy. Many adverse GI effects reported with ritonavir are transient; vomiting persists for an average of 1 week, nausea for 2-3 weeks, and diarrhea for 5 weeks.
Adverse GI effects reported in less than 2% of patients receiving ritonavir alone or in conjunction with other antiretroviral agents include abnormal stools, bloody diarrhea, cheilitis, cholangitis, colitis, dry mouth, dysphagia, enlarged abdomen, eructation, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, GI disorder, GI hemorrhage, gingivitis,ileus, melena, mouth ulcer, pseudomembranous colitis, rectal disorder, rectal hemorrhage, sialadenitis, stomatitis, taste loss, tenesmus, thirst, tongue edema, and ulcerative colitis.
Peripheral paresthesia occurred in 6% and paresthesia or circumoral paresthesia occurred in 2.6-3.4% of patients with HIV infection receiving ritonavir monotherapy in one clinical study (study 245). In clinical studies in patients receiving ritonavir in conjunction with nucleoside antiretroviral therapy (studies 245 and 247) or in conjunction with saquinavir (study 462), peripheral paresthesia was reported in 55.7%, paresthesia in 2.1-5.2%, and circumoral paresthesia in 5.2-6.7% of patients. Asthenia occurred in 10.3% of patients receiving ritonavir monotherapy and in 15.3-28.4% of patients receiving ritonavir with other antiretroviral agents. Many of these adverse effects are transient; peripheral paresthesia persists for an average of 34 weeks and circumoral paresthesia and asthenia persist for 35 weeks.
Dizziness, insomnia, or somnolence have been reported in 2.6% of patients receiving ritonavir monotherapy and in 3.9-8.5, 2-3.4, or 2.4-2.6%, respectively, of patients receiving ritonavir with other antiretroviral agents. Headache, depression, or abnormal thinking were reported in 4.3-7.8, 1.7-7.1, or 0.7-2.6%, respectively, of patients receiving ritonavir in conjunction with other antiretroviral agents. Anxiety or confusion were reported in up to 2.1% of patients receiving ritonavir with other antiretroviral agents.
For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for RITONAVIR (34 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Pharmacodynamics
Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor with activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1). Protease inhibitors block the part of HIV called protease. HIV-1 protease is an enzyme required for the proteolytic cleavage of the viral polyprotein precursors into the individual functional proteins found in infectious HIV-1. Ritonavir binds to the protease active site and inhibits the activity of the enzyme. This inhibition prevents cleavage of the viral polyproteins resulting in the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles. Protease inhibitors are almost always used in combination with at least two other anti-HIV drugs. Modern protease inhibitors require the use of low-dose ritonavir to boost pharmacokinetic exposure through inhibition of metabolism via the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme pathway.
These protocols are for reference only. InvivoChem does not independently validate these methods.
Physicochemical Properties
Molecular Formula
C37H48N6O5S2
Molecular Weight
720.94
Exact Mass
720.312
Elemental Analysis
C, 61.64; H, 6.71; N, 11.66; O, 11.10; S, 8.90
CAS #
155213-67-5
Related CAS #
Ritonavir-d6;1616968-73-0;rel-Ritonavir-d6;1217720-20-1;Ritonavir metabolite;176655-55-3;Ritonavir-13C,d3
PubChem CID
392622
Appearance
White to off-white solid powder
Density
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point
947.0±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point
120-122°C
Flash Point
526.6±34.3 °C
Vapour Pressure
0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction
1.600
LogP
5.28
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count
4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count
9
Rotatable Bond Count
18
Heavy Atom Count
50
Complexity
1040
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count
4
SMILES
S1C([H])=C(C([H])([H])N(C([H])([H])[H])C(N([H])[C@]([H])(C(N([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])C2C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=2[H])C([H])([H])[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])C2C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C=2[H])N([H])C(=O)OC([H])([H])C2=C([H])N=C([H])S2)O[H])=O)C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])=O)N=C1C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H]
InChi Key
NCDNCNXCDXHOMX-XGKFQTDJSA-N
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C37H48N6O5S2/c1-24(2)33(42-36(46)43(5)20-29-22-49-35(40-29)25(3)4)34(45)39-28(16-26-12-8-6-9-13-26)18-32(44)31(17-27-14-10-7-11-15-27)41-37(47)48-21-30-19-38-23-50-30/h6-15,19,22-25,28,31-33,44H,16-18,20-21H2,1-5H3,(H,39,45)(H,41,47)(H,42,46)/t28-,31-,32-,33-/m0/s1
Chemical Name
1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl N-[(2S,3S,5S)-3-hydroxy-5-[[(2S)-3-methyl-2-[[methyl-[(2-propan-2-yl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]carbamoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-1,6-diphenylhexan-2-yl]carbamate
Synonyms
ABT-538; A 84538; Norvir; ABT538; Norvir; ABT-538; A-84538; Abbott 84538; ABBOTT-84538; Empetus; A-84538; Norvir Sec; 538, ABT; Ritonavir; ABT 538;
HS Tariff Code
2934.99.9001
Storage

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Shipping Condition
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
Solubility Data
Solubility (In Vitro)
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL (~138.7 mM)
Water: <1 mg/mL
Ethanol: ~3 mg/mL (~4.2 mM)
Solubility (In Vivo)
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (3.47 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (3.47 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: 2.5 mg/mL (3.47 mM) in 5% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 50% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.


Solubility in Formulation 4: 2.5 mg/mL (3.47 mM) in 5% DMSO + 95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 5: 0.5 mg/mL (0.69 mM) in 1% DMSO 99% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

Solubility in Formulation 6: 30% PEG400+0.5% Tween80+5% propylene glycol: 30 mg/mL

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)
Preparing Stock Solutions 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.3871 mL 6.9354 mL 13.8708 mL
5 mM 0.2774 mL 1.3871 mL 2.7742 mL
10 mM 0.1387 mL 0.6935 mL 1.3871 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.

Calculator

Molarity Calculator allows you to calculate the mass, volume, and/or concentration required for a solution, as detailed below:

  • Calculate the Mass of a compound required to prepare a solution of known volume and concentration
  • Calculate the Volume of solution required to dissolve a compound of known mass to a desired concentration
  • Calculate the Concentration of a solution resulting from a known mass of compound in a specific volume
An example of molarity calculation using the molarity calculator is shown below:
What is the mass of compound required to make a 10 mM stock solution in 5 ml of DMSO given that the molecular weight of the compound is 350.26 g/mol?
  • Enter 350.26 in the Molecular Weight (MW) box
  • Enter 10 in the Concentration box and choose the correct unit (mM)
  • Enter 5 in the Volume box and choose the correct unit (mL)
  • Click the “Calculate” button
  • The answer of 17.513 mg appears in the Mass box. In a similar way, you may calculate the volume and concentration.

Dilution Calculator allows you to calculate how to dilute a stock solution of known concentrations. For example, you may Enter C1, C2 & V2 to calculate V1, as detailed below:

What volume of a given 10 mM stock solution is required to make 25 ml of a 25 μM solution?
Using the equation C1V1 = C2V2, where C1=10 mM, C2=25 μM, V2=25 ml and V1 is the unknown:
  • Enter 10 into the Concentration (Start) box and choose the correct unit (mM)
  • Enter 25 into the Concentration (End) box and select the correct unit (mM)
  • Enter 25 into the Volume (End) box and choose the correct unit (mL)
  • Click the “Calculate” button
  • The answer of 62.5 μL (0.1 ml) appears in the Volume (Start) box
g/mol

Molecular Weight Calculator allows you to calculate the molar mass and elemental composition of a compound, as detailed below:

Note: Chemical formula is case sensitive: C12H18N3O4  c12h18n3o4
Instructions to calculate molar mass (molecular weight) of a chemical compound:
  • To calculate molar mass of a chemical compound, please enter the chemical/molecular formula and click the “Calculate’ button.
Definitions of molecular mass, molecular weight, molar mass and molar weight:
  • Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of a substance and is expressed in the unified atomic mass units (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12)
  • Molar mass (molar weight) is the mass of one mole of a substance and is expressed in g/mol.
/

Reconstitution Calculator allows you to calculate the volume of solvent required to reconstitute your vial.

  • Enter the mass of the reagent and the desired reconstitution concentration as well as the correct units
  • Click the “Calculate” button
  • The answer appears in the Volume (to add to vial) box
In vivo Formulation Calculator (Clear solution)
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal to make allowance for loss during the experiment)
Step 2: Enter in vivo formulation (This is only a calculator, not the exact formulation for a specific product. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation in the solubility section.)
+
+
+

Calculation results

Working concentration mg/mL;

Method for preparing DMSO stock solution mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.

Method for preparing in vivo formulation:Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.

(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
             (2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.

Clinical Trial Information
Investigation of Drug-drug Interaction of Ritonavir and Itraconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of SHR-A1811 in Subjects With HER2-expressing Advanced Breast Cancer
CTID: NCT06710990
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-12-02
A Decentralized, Randomized Phase 2 Efficacy and Safety Study of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Adults with Long COVID.
CTID: NCT05668091
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-12-02
STARLITE for Unresectable High-Grade Gliomas
CTID: NCT06428045
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Not yet recruiting
Date: 2024-11-27
EPIC-Peds: A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine Called PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir)/Ritonavir in Patients Under 18 Years of Age With COVID-19 That Are Not Hospitalized But Are at Risk for Severe Disease
CTID: NCT05261139
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-11-18
Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, PK and the Food Effect on PK of ASC11/RTV Tablets in Healthy Subjects
CTID: NCT05718518
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-11-13
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Bone, Immunologic, and Virologic Effects of a Antiretroviral Regimen
CTID: NCT01400412
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-15


A Study to Learn About the Study Medicine (Nirmatrelvir Plus Ritonavir) in Pregnant Women With COVID-19
CTID: NCT05386472
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-10-15
A Study to Learn About a Repeat 5-Day Treatment With the Study Medicines (Called Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir) in People 12 Years Old or Older With Return of COVID-19 Symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity After Finishing Treatment With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir
CTID: NCT05567952
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-08
A Phase 1/2a Study of DB-1303/BNT323 in Advanced/Metastatic Solid Tumors
CTID: NCT05150691
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-10-03
Safety and Efficacy of Doravirine (MK-1439) in Participants With Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) (MK-1439-018)
CTID: NCT02275780
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-10-01
Paxlovid for Treatment of Long Covid
CTID: NCT05576662
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-09-25
A Study to Learn About the Study Medicines (Nirmatrelvir Plus Ritonavir) in People Aged 12 Years or Older With COVID-19 and a Compromised Immune System
CTID: NCT05438602
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-09-23
A Study of Extending Relugolix Dosing Intervals Through Addition of Itraconazole or Ritonavir in Prostate Cancer Patients
CTID: NCT05679388
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Terminated
Date: 2024-09-19
Understanding HCV Reinfection Rates in an Incarcerated Population After Cure With Interferon Free HCV Treatment
CTID: NCT02460133
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2024-08-23
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiretroviral and Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs During Pregnancy and Postpartum
CTID: NCT04518228
Phase:    Status: Recruiting
Date: 2024-08-21
Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Antiviral Activity of GLS4 With Ritonavir in Patients With Chronic HBV Infection
CTID: NCT04147208
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-06-21
A Study to Learn About the Medicine (PF-07321332 or Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir) in Healthy Lactating Women
CTID: NCT05441215
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-04-03
PF-07321332/Ritonavir and Ritonavir on Dabigatran Study in Healthy Participants
CTID: NCT05064800
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-03-29
A Study to Determine Safety and Efficacy of Dolutegravir/Abacavir/Lamivudine (DTG/ABC/3TC) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Infected Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Naïve Women (ARIA)
CTID: NCT01910402
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-02-20
A Study of a Nucleoside Sparing Regimen in HIV-1 Infected Patients With Detectable Viremia
CTID: NCT02542852
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-02-13
Open-Label Study Comparing Efficacy and Safety of ATV/RTV+3TC With ATV/RTV+TDF/FTC in HIV-Infected, Treatment Naïve Subjects, Followed by Treatment With ATV/RTV+3TC
CTID: NCT01620944
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2024-01-10
HERV-K Suppression Using Antiretroviral Therapy in Volunteers With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
CTID: NCT02437110
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2024-01-09
Second-line Treatment of HIV-1 With Ritonavir Boosted Atazanavir or Darunavir With an Optimized NRTI Backbone
CTID: NCT01605084
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2023-12-19
Study of DS-8201a for Participants With Advanced Solid Malignant Tumors
CTID: NCT03383692
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-12-11
Dual Boosted - Protease Inhibitor (PI) Pharmacokinetics (PK) Trial (Tipranavir / Ritonavir) in Highly Treatment-experienced HIV-1 Infected Patients
CTID: NCT00056641
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-12-01
Dual Therapy With Boosted Darunavir + Dolutegravir
CTID: NCT02486133
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-11-29
Food Effects of GST-HG171 Tablets Combined With Ritonavir in Healthy Chinese Participants
CTID: NCT06084507
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2023-10-16
Study Of An Investigational Regimen Including FDA Approved HIV Drugs In HIV-Infected Pediatric Subjects
CTID: NCT00071760
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-10-10
Food Effect Study to Evaluate the Effect of High-Fat Meal on the Relative Bioavailability of PF-07321332 Boosted With Ritonavir in Healthy Adult Participants
CTID: NCT05129475
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-10-05
Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Estimate the Effect of PF-07321332/Ritonavir and Ritonavir on Midazolam in Healthy Participants
CTID: NCT05032950
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-10-04
Study to Estimate the Effects of Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of PF-07321332
CTID: NCT05005312
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-09-06
Evaluation of Protease Inhibition for COVID-19 in Standard-Risk Patients (EPIC-SR).
CTID: NCT05011513
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Terminated
Date: 2023-08-14
Body Composition Sub-study of the D2EFT Trial
CTID: NCT03675815
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2023-07-25
Titrating-Dose of Lonafarnib in Combination With Ritonavir
CTID: NCT02527707
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-06-22
Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma
CTID: NCT00003008
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-06-15
A Study of a Potential Oral Treatment to Prevent COVID-19 in Adults Who Are Exposed to Household Member(s) With a Confirmed Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection
CTID: NCT05047601
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-05-06
Once Daily Dosing of Lonafarnib Co-administered With Ritonavir for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection
CTID: NCT05229991
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Active, not recruiting
Date: 2023-05-06
Dolutegravir and Darunavir Evaluation in Adults Failing Therapy
CTID: NCT03017872
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2023-04-18
Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Lonafarnib / Ritonavir With and Without Pegylated Interferon -Alfa-2a
CTID: NCT03719313
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-04-14
Lonafarnib Boosted With Ritonavir With and Without Peginterferon Alfa-2a (PEG IFN-a) in HDV (LOWR-2)
CTID: NCT02430194
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-03-03
A Study to Learn About the Medicine Called Nirmatrelvir Used in Combination With Ritonavir in People With Weakened Immune Systems or at Increased Risk for Poor Outcomes Who Are Hospitalized Due to Severe COVID-19
CTID: NCT05545319
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2023-03-01
Population Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral in Children
CTID: NCT03194165
Phase:    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-02-21
EPIC-HR: Study of Oral PF-07321332/Ritonavir Compared With Placebo in Nonhospitalized High Risk Adults With COVID-19
CTID: NCT04960202
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-02-09
A Study of PBI-200 With Ritonavir or Cobicistat in Healthy Volunteers
CTID: NCT05692570
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-01-20
Bioequivalence Study of Nirmatrelvir & Ritonavir From Copaxid 150 +100 mg Tablets (Eva Pharma, Egypt) Versus Paxlovid 150 + 100 mg Film Coated Tablets (Pfizer Europe, Belgium)
CTID: NCT05491330
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2023-01-18
Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Improving Immune Response to Vaccines in Patients With Complete Remission Following A Bone Marrow Transplant for Hodgkin Lymphoma
CTID: NCT01165645
Phase: N/A    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2022-12-01
Lonafarnib With and Without Ritonavir in HDV (LOWR-1)
CTID: NCT02430181
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-11-29
TMC114IFD3001 - Study Providing Continued Access to Treatment With Darunavir (DRV)/Ritonavir(Rtv) in HIV1 Infected Adults, Adolescents and Children Aged 3 Years or Above and Coming From Previous Company Sponsored Studies With DRV
CTID: NCT01281813
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-10-31
Efficacy and Safety of All-Oral Combination of Narlaprevir/Ritonavir and Sofosbuvir in Treatment-naïve Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1
CTID: NCT04246723
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-10-31
Study of PBI-0451 in Healthy Subjects.
CTID: NCT05011812
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-06-03
GLS4/RTV and TAF Drug-drug Interaction
CTID: NCT04551261
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2022-05-26
Treatment of Chronic Delta Hepatitis With Lonafarnib, Ritonavir and Lambda Interferon
CTID: NCT03600714
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-12-14
Blood Levels of Anti-HIV Drugs Used in Combination Regimens in HIV Infected Children
CTID: NCT00260078
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-09
Atazanavir Used in Combination With Other Anti-HIV Drugs in HIV-Infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents
CTID: NCT00006604
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-05
A Study of Several Anti-HIV Drug Combinations in HIV-Infected Patients Who Have Used Indinavir
CTID: NCT00000892
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-04
Safety and Effectiveness of Four Anti-HIV Drug Combinations in HIV-Infected Children and Teens
CTID: NCT00001091
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-04
Interactions of HIV Protease Inhibitors and Methadone in HIV-Infected Patients
CTID: NCT00000906
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-04
Comparison of New Anti-HIV Drug Combinations in HIV-Infected Children Who Have Taken Anti-HIV Drugs
CTID: NCT00001083
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-04
Immunologic and Virologic Consequences of Long-Term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Subjects With Moderately Advanced HIV-1 Disease: A Follow-Up Study to ACTG 315
CTID: NCT00000891
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-04
The Effectiveness of Ritonavir Plus Zidovudine Plus Lamivudine in HIV-Infected Patients
CTID: NCT00001075
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-04
Safety, Tolerability, and Blood Levels of Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir and Rifampin When Taken Together in HIV Uninfected Adults
CTID: NCT00096850
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Drug Interactions of Amprenavir and Efavirenz, in Combination With a Second Protease Inhibitor, in HIV-Negative Volunteers
CTID: NCT00005762
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Effect of an Enfuvirtide-based Anti-HIV Drug Regimen on Latent HIV Reservoirs in Treatment Naive Adults
CTID: NCT00051831
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Using Drug Levels and Drug Resistance Testing to Select Effective Anti-HIV Drug Combinations in Patients With Drug-resistant HIV
CTID: NCT00027339
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Safety and Effectiveness of an Anti-HIV Drug Combination With and Without Hydroxyurea in Patients With Early HIV Infection
CTID: NCT00006339
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2021-11-01
Ritonavir and Indinavir in Children Failing Other Anti-HIV Treatment
CTID: NCT00012519
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Atazanavir/Ritonavir Maintenance Therapy
CTID: NCT00084019
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Interactions Between HIV Protease Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers
CTID: NCT00039975
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
The Effectiveness of Nelfinavir and Efavirenz, Used Alone or Together, Combined With Other Anti-HIV Drugs in Patients Who Have Taken Anti-HIV Drugs
CTID: NCT00001087
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Treating Advanced AIDS Patients Between Ages 4 and 22 With 7 Drugs, Some at Higher Than Usual Doses
CTID: NCT00001108
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Safety of AMD070 When Administered Alone or Boosted With Low-Dose Ritonavir in HIV Uninfected Men
CTID: NCT00063804
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Dual Versus Triple Protease Inhibitor Combinations, Including Ritonavir, in HIV Infected People
CTID: NCT00028366
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
A Comparison of Three Drug Combinations Containing Clarithromycin in the Treatment of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Disease in Patients With AIDS
CTID: NCT00001058
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
A Study to See If Taking One or Two Extra Drugs Can Lower HIV Levels in Patients Who Have Failed Their Anti-HIV Drug Treatment
CTID: NCT00006152
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
Safety and Tolerance of Indinavir Plus Ritonavir in HIV-Positive Patients Failing Therapy With Amprenavir, Nelfinavir, or Saquinavir
CTID: NCT00001133
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-11-01
A Study of the Effectiveness of Different Anti-HIV Treatments in HIV-Positive Individuals Who Have Been on a Protease Inhibitor-Containing Drug Regimen for at Least 16 Weeks
CTID: NCT00000914
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
Five-Drug Anti-HIV Treatment Followed by Treatment Interruption in Patients Who Have Recently Been Infected With HIV
CTID: NCT00000940
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
Fortovase (Saquinavir) Given With Low-Dose Ritonavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine to HIV-Positive Pregnant Women During and After Pregnancy and to Their Newborns
CTID: NCT00000920
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Study to Compare Two Different Anti-HIV Drug Regimens
CTID: NCT00000924
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Randomized Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of a Strategy of Starting With Nelfinavir Versus Ritonavir Added to Background Antiretroviral (AR) Nucleoside Therapy in HIV-Infected Individuals With CD4+ Cell Counts Less Than or Equal to 200/mm3
CTID: NCT00000859
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Study of Ritonavir (an Anti-HIV Drug) in HIV-Positive Infants and Children
CTID: NCT00000952
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
Safety and Effectiveness of Ritonavir Plus Lamivudine Plus Zidovudine in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Their Babies
CTID: NCT00000888
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Study on the Management of Combination Anti-HIV Drug Therapy in HIV-Positive Children With Prior Treatment
CTID: NCT00000902
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Phase I/II Double-Blind Controlled Trial to Determine the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 MN rgp160 Immuno AG Vaccine Therapy in HIV-Infected Individuals With Greater Than or Equal to 500/mm3 CD4+ T Cells and 200-400/mm3 CD4+ T Cells
CTID: NCT00000822
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Study on Possible Interactions Between Protease Inhibitors (Anti-HIV Drugs) and Drugs Which Lower the Level of Fat in Your Blood
CTID: NCT00000941
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Study to Compare Two Anti-HIV Combination Therapies Each Containing Saquinavir in HIV-Positive Children
CTID: NCT00000913
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
The Effects of Staggered Dosing on Interactions Between Paired Combinations of Nelfinavir, Ritonavir, and Saquinavir
CTID: NCT00000898
Phase: N/A    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-29
A Proof-of-concept Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety of the Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths by 9 Repurposed Drugs Combined With Metronomic Temozolomide (CUSP9v3 Treatment Protocol) for Recurrent Glioblastoma
CTID: NCT02770378
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-10-05
A Study of Darunavir in Combination With Cobicistat or Ritonavir, and Dabigatran Etexilate in Healthy Participants
CTID: NCT04208061
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-06-09
Study to Evaluate Switching From a TDF-Containing Combination Regimen to a TAF-Containing Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) in Virologically-Suppressed, HIV-1 Positive Participants
CTID: NCT01815736
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-04-13
A Study of Combination Therapies to Treat COVID-19 Infection
CTID: NCT04459702
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2021-04-08
Efficacy and Safety of Danoprevir/r + PR 12week Triple Therapy in Treatment Naive Non-Cirrhotic G1 CHC China III
CTID: NCT03020082
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-03-23
Proof of Concept Study to Determine the Safety and Antiviral Effect of BZF961 With or Without Ritonavir Boosting in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients
CTID: NCT01825980
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-02-21
A Study of Lonafarnib With or Without Ritonavir in Patients With HDV
CTID: NCT02968641
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2021-02-16
Metformin Hydrochloride and Ritonavir in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
CTID: NCT02948283
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2021-02-12
Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of GS-9131 Functional Monotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1-Infected Adults Failing a Nucleos(t)Ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Containing Regimen With Nucleos(t)Ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistant Virus
CTID: NCT03472326
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2021-01-05
Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Switching From Regimens Consisting of Boosted Atazanavir or Darunavir Plus Either Emtricitabine/Tenofovir or Abacavir/Lamivudine to Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide in Virologically Suppressed HIV-1 Infected Adults
CTID: NCT02603107
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-12-29
A Drug-drug Interaction Study Between Daclatasvir and Atazanavir/Ritonavir or Atazanavir/Cobicistat
CTID: NCT02565888
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-12-07
Pharmacokinetic Study of Posaconazole Boosted Fosamprenavir
CTID: NCT00817765
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-11-12
Inflammation and Co-Infections in D²EFT
CTID: NCT04183738
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Withdrawn
Date: 2020-11-10
A Two-part Study to Compare a Tablet and Capsule Formulation of GSK2838232 With and Without Food, and to Assess the Safety and Drug Levels of Repeated Once-daily Doses of GSK2838232 Without Ritonavir
CTID: NCT03234036
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-10-28
Efficacy and Safety of Ravidasvir + Danoprevir/r 12-week Oral Therapy in Treatment-Naive Non Cirrhotic G1 CHC Taiwan
CTID: NCT03020095
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-10-22
Pharmacokinetic Study of Pitavastatin and Ritonavir-Boosted Darunavir or Efavirenz
CTID: NCT01695954
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-08-11
Nucleosides And Darunavir/Dolutegravir In Africa
CTID: NCT03988452
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2020-07-30
Efficacy and Safety of Ravidasvir in Combination With Danoprevir/r and Ribavirin(RBV) in Treatment-naive, Non-cirrhotic, Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype1 Infected Subjects.
CTID: NCT03362814
Phase: Phase 2/Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-07-28
The Safety, Antiviral Activity, and Pharmacokinetics of Morphothiadine Mesilate Capsules
CTID: NCT03638076
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-07-23
A Study to Investigate the Effects of Cytochrome P450 1A2 Induction by Ritonavir on BMS-986165 Drug Levels and Effects in Healthy Participants
CTID: NCT04055506
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-06-18
Efficacy and Safety of Ganovo (Danoprevir) Combined With Ritonavir in the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
CTID: NCT04345276
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-06-02
A Randomized,Open,Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of ASC09F and Ritonavir for 2019-nCoV Pneumonia
CTID: NCT04261270
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2020-03-17
Safety and Efficacy of Switching to a FDC of B/F/TAF From E/C/F/TAF, E/C/F/TDF, or ATV+RTV+FTC/TDF in Virologically Suppressed HIV-1 Infected Women
CTID: NCT02652624
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-03-04
Efavirenz and Ritonavir on Human Brain P-Glycoprotein
CTID: NCT01668147
Phase: Phase 1/Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-01-22
Pharmacodynamics, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of BMS-663068, an HIV Attachment Inhibitor, in HIV-1
CTID: NCT01009814
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2020-01-03
The Influence of Ritonavir, Alone and in Combination With Lopinavir, on Fenofibric Acid Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers
CTID: NCT01148004
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-12-09
Study to Evaluate the Influence of Nevirapine to Atazanavir in Steady State Equilibrium in HIV Patients
CTID: NCT00355719
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-12-04
Study to Evaluate a HIV Drug for the Treatment of HIV Infection
CTID: NCT01803074
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-11-25
A Drug-drug Interaction (DDI) Study of Morphothiadine Mesilate/Ritonavir in Healthy Subjects
CTID: NCT03662568
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-10-09
Safety and Efficacy of E/C/F/TDF Versus RTV-Boosted ATV Plus FTC/TDF in HIV-1 Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive Women
CTID: NCT01705574
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-09-20
A Pharmacokinetic Study of Narlaprevir as a Single Dose or With Ritonavir Combination in Patients With Hepatic Impairment and Healthy Matched Volunteers
CTID: NCT03832426
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-05-22
TMC114-TiDP29-C232 - Study Providing Continued Access to Treatment With Darunavir (DRV)/Ritonavir (Rtv) for Children Coming From Any of the Three Ongoing Tibotec Sponsored Pediatric Studies With DRV
CTID: NCT01138605
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-05-01
Evaluation of Renal Function, Efficacy, and Safety When Switching From Tenofovir/Emtricitabine Plus a Protease Inhibitor/Ritonavir, to a Combination of Raltegravir (MK-0518) Plus Nevirapine Plus Lamivudine in HIV-1 Participants With Suppressed Viremia and Impaired Renal Function (MK-0518-284)
CTID: NCT02116660
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2019-04-08
Darunavir and Rilpivirine Interactions With Levonorgestrel Implant
CTID: NCT03589027
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Unknown status
Date: 2019-03-28
Drug-Drug Interaction Study: ASP2151 and Ritonavir
CTID: NCT02223351
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-02-27
A Drug Interaction Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Narlaprevir and Antiretroviral Drugs
CTID: NCT03537404
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-02-19
Efficacy and Safety of Narlaprevir Used in Combination With Ritonavir in Treatment-Naïve and Failed Prior Treatment With Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1 (PIONEER - Study)
CTID: NCT03833362
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2019-02-07
Efficacy and Safety of All-Oral Combination of Narlaprevir/Ritonavir and Daclatasvir in Treatment-Naїve Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 1b
CTID: NCT03485846
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-12-19
HIV Attachment Inhibitor to Treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) Infections
CTID: NCT01384734
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-11-14
Phase IIIB Study Evaluating the Effects of Atazanavir Powder With Ritonavir in HIV-infected Pediatric Patients
CTID: NCT01335698
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-11-09
A Study to Assess the Effect of Ritonavir on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of JNJ-61393215 in Healthy Participants
CTID: NCT03593954
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-11-09
Efavirenz or Atazanavir/Ritonavir Given With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate or Abacavir/Lamivudine in HIV Infected Treatment-Naive Adults
CTID: NCT00118898
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-10-12
Study in Healthy Volunteers to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of VM-1500
CTID: NCT02489487
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-10-04
Treatment of Chronic Delta Hepatitis With Lonafarnib and Ritonavir
CTID: NCT02511431
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-09-25
Study of New Tablet Formulations and Suspension Formulation Compared to Current (1B) Formulation of BILR 355 BS in Healthy Male Volunteer Subjects
CTID: NCT02259868
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-08-31
Strategy-confirming Study of BMS-955176 to Treat HIV-1 Infected Treatment-experienced Adults
CTID: NCT02386098
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Terminated
Date: 2018-08-20
Efficacy and Safety of Danoprevir/r + PR 12-week Triple Therapy in Treatment-Naive, Non-Cirrhotic, G1 CHC China II
CTID: NCT03020004
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-07-26
A Single-arm, Open-label, Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Darunavir and Ritonavir, Darunavir and Cobicistat, Etravirine, and Rilpivirine in HIV-1 Infected Pregnant Women
CTID: NCT00855335
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-07-06
Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity of ABT-267 in HCV Infected Subjects
CTID: NCT01563536
Phase: Phase 2    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-07-02
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Ravidasvir and Danoprevir/r in Healthy Volunteers China
CTID: NCT03020134
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-06-29
PRINCE: Study of Atazanavir (ATV)/Ritonavir (RTV)
CTID: NCT01099579
Phase: Phase 3    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-05-24
Safety Sudy of Atazanavir Boosted With Ritonavir in the Treatment of HIV Infection in Pediatric Patients
CTID: NCT01691794
Phase: Phase 4    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-04-27
A Study of Saquinavir/Ritonavir in Liver-Impaired Patients With HIV Infection.
CTID: NCT00435929
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-03-29
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of ASC16 Tablets in Healthy Volunteers in China
CTID: NCT03288636
Phase: Phase 1    Status: Completed
Date: 2018-01-17
Renal Effect of Stribild or Other Tenofovir DF- e.querySelector("font strong").innerText = 'View

Biological Data
  • Ritonavir

  • Ritonavir

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