Coenzyme Q10 is a crucial component of every cell's mitochondrial respiratory chain. As a result, it plays a crucial role in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the energy source for the majority of biological functions. Within the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and plasma membranes, coenzyme Q10 reacts directly with free radicals or restores tocopherol and ascorbic acid from their oxidized states to produce antioxidant effects [1]. Since coenzyme Q10 is widely acknowledged as a vital ingredient that promotes human health, it is a well-liked dietary supplement. Because of its essential role in mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics, CoQ10 has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for a range of disorders affecting the cardiovascular system, degenerative neurological system, and neuromuscular system [2].

Dietary CoQ10 absorbs slowly and to a limited extent because of its hydrophobic nature and large molecular weight. Dissolved CoQ10 formulations exhibit superior bioavailability when it comes to dietary supplements. Tmax is roughly six hours, and elimination half-life is roughly thirty-three hours. In healthy individuals, the plasma coenzyme Q10 reference interval spans 0.40 to 1.91 mM. There is a rather significant relationship between the increase in plasma CoQ10 and the dose taken in the case of CoQ10 supplements. Research on animals shows that all organs, including the heart and brain mitochondria, absorb high quantities of CoQ10 [2]. CoQ10 treatment led to a substantial rise in CoQ10 concentrations in cerebral cortical mitochondria in 12-month-old rats. A transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has a much longer lifespan when coenzyme Q10 is given orally, and it also significantly reduces the striatal damage caused by systemic treatment of 3-nitropropionic acid [3].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Ubidecarenone is absorbed from the small intestine into the lymphatics and then it can enter the blood. The hydrophobicity and large molecular weight limit its absorption making it very poor and variable depending on the food intake and the number of lipids presented in the food. The absorption is lower in the presence of an empty stomach and greater in presence of high lipid food diet. The daily dosage of ubidecarenone presents the reach of maximal serum concentration by reaching a plateau after three weeks. The pharmacokinetic properties may vary between different brands but studies have reported an AUC of 11.51 mcg h/ml and a Cmax of 0.32 mcg/ml at a time of 7.9 h.
The main elimination route of ubidecarenone is through the bile. After its oral administration, over 60% of the dose is excreted in the feces in the form of unchanged ubidecarenone and a small fraction of the metabolites. In the urine, ubidecarenone is bound to saposin B protein and represents only 8.3% of the total administered dose.
Ubidecarenone is distributed to the various tissues of the body and it is able to enter the brain. In preclinical studies with intravenous administration of ubidecarenone, it is reported a volume of distribution of 20.4 L/kg which reflects its ability to penetrate extensively into organs and tissues. AS a general rule, tissues with high-energy requirements or metabolic activity tend to presents higher amounts of ubidecarenone, these organs can be heart, kidney, liver and muscle.
In preclinical studies with intravenous administration of ubidecarenone, it is reported a total clearance of 1.18 ml h/kg which was indicative of a prolonged elimination.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Studies indicate that there is no saturation process during the metabolism of ubidecarenone. It is metabolized in all tissues by the phosphorylation in the cells and transportation to the kidneys for further excretion by the urine. After exerting its action, ubidecarenone is reduced and forms hydroquinone which is capable of recycling and regenerates other antioxidants such as tocopherol and ascorbate. The later metabolism of hydroquinone generates the formation of Q acid I and Q acid II in free and conjugated forms.

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Biological Half-Life
The pharmacokinetic properties may vary between different brands but studies have reported a half-life of ubidecarenone of 21.7 h.

Hepatotoxicity
Coenzyme Q10 is generally recognized as safe and has not been linked to elevations in serum aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, or bilirubin levels. Despite wide scale use for several decades, there have been no convincing reports of clinically apparent liver injury due to coenzyme Q10.
Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
Drug Class: Nutritional Supplements
Other Names: Ubiquinone, Semiubiquinone, Ubiquinol, CoQ10

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Protein Binding
In the blood, ubidecarenone is split into the various lipoprotein particles including LDL and VLDL. The plasma concentration of ubidecarenone is highly dependent on the presence of plasma lipoproteins and about 95% of the administered form is found in the reduced form.

[1]. Coenzyme Q10 treatment of cardiovascular disorders of ageing including heart failure, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Oct 23;450:83-9.

[2]. Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Free Radic Res. 2006 May;40(5):445-53.

[3]. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 21;95(15):8892-7.

Coenzyme Q10 is a ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration. It has a role as a human metabolite, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant.
Ubidecarenone, also called coenzyme Q10, is a 1,4-benzoquinone. From its name (Q10), the Q refers to the constitutive quinone group, and 10 is related to the number of isoprenyl subunits in its tail. It is a powerful antioxidant, a lipid-soluble and essential cofactor in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The ubidecarenone is the coenzyme destined for mitochondrial enzyme complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation in the production of ATP. It is fundamental for cells that have a high metabolic demand. Ubidecarenone is sold as a dietary supplement and is not FDA approved as a drug - it is not meant to treat, cure or prevent any disease. FDA does not approve this dietary supplements before sold nor regulate the manufacturing process.
Ubiquinone-10 is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, is an enzyme cofactor found in virtually all cells of the body and participates in many essential energy-producing and antioxidant enzymatic actions. While normally synthesized in the body in adequate amounts, coenzyme Q10 is used as a nutritional supplement for conditions highly dependent upon its actions, some of which are associated with low serum levels of the coenzyme. Coenzyme Q supplements are generally well tolerated and there is no evidence that they cause serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury.
Coenzyme Q10 has been reported in Fusarium fujikuroi, Cytisus scoparius, and other organisms with data available.
Coenzyme Q10 is a naturally occurring benzoquinone important in electron transport in mitochondrial membranes. Coenzyme Q10 functions as an endogenous antioxidant; deficiencies of this enzyme have been observed in patients with many different types of cancer and limited studies have suggested that coenzyme Q10 may induce tumor regression in patients with breast cancer. This agent may have immunostimulatory effects. (NCI04)
See also: ... View More ...

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Drug Indication
The diet supplements containing ubidecarenone are indicated, as stated in the product label, to assist individuals with cardiovascular complaints including congestive heart failure and systolic hypertension. In the product, ubidecarenone is used to increase the cardiac input as well as for the prevention of several other diseases like Parkinson, fibromyalgia, migraine, periodontal disease and diabetes, based on preclinical studies. It is important to highlight that these products are not FDA approved and it is recommended to use under discretion.

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Mechanism of Action
Ubidecarenone is an essential cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Its functions are the acceptance of electrons from the complex I and II and this activity is vital for the production of ATP. It acts as a mobile redox agent shuttling electrons and protons in the electron transport chain. Ubidecarenone also presents antioxidant activity in mitochondria and cellular membranes, protecting against peroxidation of lipid membranes as well as inhibiting oxidation of LDL-cholesterol.

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Pharmacodynamics
Ubidecarenon has roles in many prysiological process including sulfide oxidation, regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and translocation of protons and calcium ions accross biological membranes. Studies have shown its benefitial effect in treating cancer, statin myopathy, congestive heart failure and hypertension.

C59H90O4

863.36

862.683

303-98-0

Coenzyme Q10-d6;110971-02-3;Coenzyme Q10-d9;2687960-97-8

5281915

Yellow to orange solid powder

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

869.0±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg

49-51 °C

324.6±34.3 °C

0.0±3.3 mmHg at 25°C

1.526

20.93

0

4

31

63

1840

0

CC1=C(C(=O)C(=C(C1=O)OC)OC)C/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CC/C=C(\C)/CCC=C(C)C

ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N

InChI=1S/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+

2-[(2E,6E,10E,14E,18E,22E,26E,30E,34E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35,39-decamethyltetraconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38-decaenyl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione

Ubidecarenone Vitamin Q COQ10 ubiquinone coenzyme Q Coenzyme Q10

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: (1). Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light.  (2). This product is not stable in solution, please use freshly prepared working solution for optimal results.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMF : 20 mg/mL (~23.17 mM)
Ethanol : ~2.5 mg/mL (~2.90 mM)
DMSO : ~1 mg/mL (~1.16 mM)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL

Solubility in Formulation 1: 3 mg/mL (3.47 mM) in 10% DMF 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: 13.33 mg/mL (15.44 mM) in 20% HP-β-CD in Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)