Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Absorption of thiamin occurs mainly in the jejunum. At low concentrations of thiamin, absorption occurs by an active transport system that involves phosphyrylation; at higher concentrations, absorption occurs by passive diffusion. Only a small percentage of a high dose of thiamin is absorbed, and elevated serum values result in active urinary excretion of the vitamin.
Thiamin is transported in blood in both erythrocytes and plasma and is excreted in the urine.
Thiamine is absorbed from the small intestine and is phosphorylated in the intestinal mucosa.
The B vitamins are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Thiamine is absorbed mainly in the duodenum.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Vitamin B1 (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
Converted in vivo to thiamine diphosphate, a coenzyme in the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids.
Compound 3-(2'-methyl-4'-amino-5'-pyrimidylmethyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-acetic acid, ie thiamine acetic acid, 2-methyl-4-amino-5-formylaminomethylpyrimidine, and 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole have been identified as important metabolites of thiamine, vitamin B1.
Biotransformation of thiamine in mammals is generally supposed to /yield/ thiochrome, thiamine disulfide, 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-thiazole, and some form corresponding to pyrimidine residue of thiamine.
Thiamine is metabolized in the liver of animals. Several urinary metabolites of thiamine have been identified in humans. Little or no unchanged thiamine is excreted in urine following administration of physiologic doses; however, following administration of larger doses, both unchanged thiamine and metabolites are excreted after tissue stores become saturated.

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Biological Half-Life
The biological half-life of the vitamin is in the range of 9-18 days.
With higher pharmacological levels, namely repetitive 250-mg amounts taken orally and 500 mg given intramuscularly, nearly 1 week was required for steady state plasma concentrations to be reached; a mean elimination half-life of 1.8 days was estimated.
Total thiamin content of the adult human has been estimated to be approximately 30 mg, and the biological half-life of the vitamin is probably in the range of 9 to 18 days.

[1]. Analysis of Chlamydomonas thiamin metabolism in vivo reveals riboswitch plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Sep 3;110(36):14622-7.

Thiamine hydrochloride is a hydrochloride obtained by combining thiamine chloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It has a role as an insect repellent. It is a vitamin B1 and a hydrochloride. It contains a thiamine(2+).
Thiamine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of thiamine, a vitamin essential for aerobic metabolism, cell growth, transmission of nerve impulses and acetylcholine synthesis. Upon hydrolysis, thiamine hydrochloride is phosphorylated by thiamine diphosphokinase to form active thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), also known as cocarboxylase. TPP is a coenzyme for many enzymatic activities involving fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
See also: Thiamine (has active moiety); Thiamine ION (has active moiety) ... View More ...

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Mechanism of Action
Metabolic control analysis predicts that stimulators of transketolase enzyme synthesis such as thiamin (vitamin B-1) support a high rate of nucleic acid ribose synthesis necessary for tumor cell survival, chemotherapy resistance, and proliferation. Metabolic control analysis also predicts that transketolase inhibitor drugs will have the opposite effect on tumor cells. This may have important implications in the nutrition and future treatment of patients with cancer.

C12H18CL2N4OS

337.2685

336.057

67-03-8

Thiamine monochloride;59-43-8;Thiamine nitrate;532-43-4;Thiamine-d3 hydrochloride;Thiamine-13C3 hydrochloride;Thiamine monochloride-13C4 hydrochloride;1257525-77-1;Thiamine-d4 hydrochloride

6202

White to off-white solid powder

1.401 g/cm3

246-254ºC

100ºC

0

3

6

4

20

269

0

Cl[H].[Cl-].S1C([H])=[N+](C([H])([H])C2=C([H])N=C(C([H])([H])[H])N=C2N([H])[H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=C1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O[H]

DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M

InChI=1S/C12H17N4OS.2ClH/c1-8-11(3-4-17)18-7-16(8)6-10-5-14-9(2)15-12(10)13;;/h5,7,17H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15);2*1H/q+1;;/p-1

2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl]ethanol;chloride;hydrochloride

Thiamine hydrochloride; Vitamin B1; Thiamine HCl

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~296.50 mM)
DMSO : ~6.67 mg/mL (~19.78 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (3.71 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 12.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 0.67 mg/mL (1.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 6.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 0.67 mg/mL (1.99 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 6.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: 33.33 mg/mL (98.82 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)