D1/2 receptor

Zuclopenthixol, also known as Zuclopentixol or Zuclopenthixolum, is an antipsychotic agent. Zuclopenthixol is a thioxanthene-based neuroleptic with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Major brands of zuclopenthixol are Cisordinol, Acuphase, and Clopixol. This drug is a liquid. This compound belongs to the thioxanthenes. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing a thioxanthene moiety, which is an aromatic tricycle derived from xanthene by replacing the oxygen atom with a sulfur atom. Known drug targets of zuclopenthixol include 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A, D(1B) dopamine receptor, D(2) dopamine receptor, D(1A) dopamine receptor, and alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. It is known that zuclopenthixol is metabolized by Cytochrome P450 2D6. Zuclopenthixol was approved for use in Canada in 2011, but is not approved for use in the United States.

Animals treated with zucloperidol (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) showed behavioral pharmacology following acute treatment, which included decreased aggressive behavior but unaltered locomotor activity (0.2 mg/kg). By contrast, a notable rise in immobility coincided with the anti-challenge effect at the maximum dose (0.4 mg/kg). No resistance to zuclopentixol against aggressiveness or locomotor activity was seen following subchronic therapy [1]. When zuclopenthixol (0.7 and 1.4 mg/kg) was administered, MDA levels were considerably higher than when the corresponding controls were used. On the MDA levels in the rat brain, however, there was no distinction between the two dose levels' effects. The administration of 1.4 mg/kg zucloperidol significantly lowered GSH levels in animals when compared with vehicle treatment and zuclopentixol (0.7 mg/kg) therapy, according to post hoc pairwise comparisons of averages between groups (n=12) receiving different dose levels of the drug (P<0.001). Nevertheless, the drug's lesser dosages had no effect on the rats' brains GSH levels. The GSH levels of animals treated with 0.7 or 1.4 mg/kg Zuclopenthixol were considerably greater than those of those treated with SCO. When compared to mice treated with a vehicle, the administration of 0.7 mg/kg Zuclopenthixol dramatically boosted GSHPx activity [2].

Zuclopenthixol is a thioxanthene derivative which acts as a mixed dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonist. Although the antiaggressive action of neuroleptic drugs is well known, the effects of zuclopenthixol on agonistic interactions have not been explored and there are no studies comparing acute and subchronic effects of this compound on aggression in rodents. In this work, we examined the action of zuclopenthixol (0.025-0.4 mg/kg), administered acutely or subchronically for 10 days, on agonistic behavior elicited by isolation in male mice. Individually housed mice were exposed to anosmic "standard opponents" 30 min after the drug administration, and encounters were videotaped and evaluated using an ethologically based analysis. After acute treatment, zuclopenthixol (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg)-treated animals exhibited ethopharmacological profiles characterized by a decrease in offensive behaviors without impairment of motor activity (0.2 mg/kg). In contrast, the antiaggressive action of the highest dose used (0.4 mg/kg) was accompanied by a marked increase of immobility. After subchronic treatment, no tolerance to zuclopenthixol antiaggressive or motor activity was observed. Overall, this behavioral profile is similar to that observed with other typical neuroleptics.[1]

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Several clinical studies implicated oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of both psychosis and dementia. As dementia is commonly associated with psychosis, antipsychotic medications are of importance in the pharmacotherapy of dementia particularly as a number of antipsychotics were reported to demonstrate neuronal pro-oxidant and/or antioxidant properties. Impairment of learning and memory, as the most characteristic manifestation of dementia, could be induced in experimental animals by acute administration of scopolamine (SCO) with a resultant elevation in brain oxidative status. This study investigated the potential pro-oxidant and/or antioxidant activity of the antipsychotic drug zuclopenthixol acetate, as its effect on brain oxidative status has yet to be evaluated. A 2 x 3 between-subjects factorial design was used to investigate the simultaneous and interactive effects of zuclopenthixol (0.7 and 1.4 mg/kg i.p.) and SCO on rat brain malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels/activities. Results revealed a significant pro-oxidant effect for both zuclopenthixol and SCO alone conditions. In addition, combined treatment of zuclopenthixol and SCO was found to be significantly different compared to either treatment conditions with regard to their effect on different brain oxidative stress indices. Such findings may have valuable implications in the pharmacotherapy of both psychosis and dementia.[2]

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Upon reaching the body water phase, the decanoate ester is slowly released from the oil depot, which is resultantly hydrolyzed to the active substance, zuclopenthixol. The decanoate ester provides a means of slow release since zuclopenthixol itself is a short-acting drug.
Primarily in the feces with approximately 10% in the urine.
20 L/kg.
approximately 0.9 L/min.

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Metabolism / Metabolites
The metabolism of zuclopenthixol is mainly by sulphoxidation, side chain N-dealkylation and glucuronic acid conjugation. The metabolites are devoid of pharmacological activity.

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Biological Half-Life
20 hours (range 12-28 hours) for the tablet form, 19 days for the depot form.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation
Zuclopenthixol is not approved for marketing in the United States, by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but is available in other countries. Limited information indicates that maternal oral doses of up to 50 mg daily or depot injections of 72 mg every 2 weeks produce low levels in breastmilk and no detectable short-term adverse effects in the breastfed infants. No long-term data are available. One international guideline recommends that women taking zuclopenthixol not breastfeed. However, a safety scoring system finds zuclopenthixol possible to use cautiously during breastfeeding. Until more data are available, zuclopenthixol should be used with careful infant monitoring during breastfeeding.
◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants
Six women received zuclopenthixol during nursing. Five of the women were receiving 4 to 50 mg daily by mouth and one was receiving a depot injection of 72 mg every 2 weeks. Their breastfed infants ranged in age from 3 days to 10 months old, 5 of whom were 2 months or under. No immediate adverse effects such infant drowsiness were noted.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk
Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

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Protein Binding
98-99%

[1]. Manzaneque JM, et al. An ethopharmacological assessment of the effects of zuclopenthixol on agonistic interactions in male mice. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jan-Feb;21(1):11-5.
[2]. Khalifa AE, et al. Pro-oxidant activity of zuclopenthixol in vivo: differential effect of the drug on brain oxidative status of scopolamine-treated rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2004 Aug;23(9):439-45

Clopenthixol is a thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, a dopaminergic antagonist and a first generation antipsychotic. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, a primary alcohol and a member of thioxanthenes.
Zuclopenthixol, also known as Zuclopentixol or Zuclopenthixolum, is an antipsychotic agent. Zuclopenthixol is a thioxanthene-based neuroleptic with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Major brands of zuclopenthixol are Cisordinol, Acuphase, and Clopixol. This drug is a liquid. This compound belongs to the thioxanthenes. These are organic polycyclic compounds containing a thioxanthene moiety, which is an aromatic tricycle derived from xanthene by replacing the oxygen atom with a sulfur atom. Known drug targets of zuclopenthixol include 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A, D(1B) dopamine receptor, D(2) dopamine receptor, D(1A) dopamine receptor, and alpha-1A adrenergic receptor. It is known that zuclopenthixol is metabolized by Cytochrome P450 2D6. Zuclopenthixol was approved for use in Canada in 2011, but is not approved for use in the United States.
Clopenthixol is a thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.
A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

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Drug Indication
Used in the management of acute psychoses such as mania or schizophrenia. However, the use of zuclopenthixol acetate in psychiatric emergencies as an alternative to standard treatments (haloperidol, clotiapine, etc.) should be cautioned, since well executed and documented trials of zuclopenthixol acetate for this use have yet to be conducted. Zuclopenthixol acetate is not intended for long-term use.
FDA Label

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Mechanism of Action
Zuclopenthixol is a typical antipsychotic neuroleptic drug of the thioxanthene class. It mainly acts by antagonism of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Zuclopenthixol also has high affinity for alpha1-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptors. It has weaker histamine H1 receptor blocking activity, and even lower affinity for muscarinic cholinergic and alpha2-adrenergic receptors.

C22H25CLN2OS

400.965

400.138

C, 65.90; H, 6.28; Cl, 8.84; N, 6.99; O, 3.99; S, 8.00

53772-83-1

trans-Clopenthixol dihydrochloride;58045-22-0;Zuclopenthixol-d4 succinate;1246833-97-5;Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride;58045-23-1; 85721-05-7 (acetate); 53772-83-1; 58045-23-1 (HCl); 64053-00-5 (decanoate)

5311507

Typically exists as solid at room temperature

1.289g/cm3

577.4ºC at 760mmHg

56-60ºC

303ºC

1.675

4.112

1

4

5

27

509

0

OCCN1CCN(CC/C=C2C3=C(SC4=C\2C=CC=C4)C=CC(Cl)=C3)CC1

WFPIAZLQTJBIFN-DVZOWYKESA-N

InChI=1S/C22H25ClN2OS/c23-17-7-8-22-20(16-17)18(19-4-1-2-6-21(19)27-22)5-3-9-24-10-12-25(13-11-24)14-15-26/h1-2,4-8,16,26H,3,9-15H2/b18-5-

2-[4-[(3Z)-3-(2-chlorothioxanthen-9-ylidene)propyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanol

Zuclopenthixol; 53772-83-1; Clopixol; Zuclopentixol; CLOPENTHIXOL; Zuclopentixol [Spanish]; Zuclopenthixolum [Latin]; Cisordinol;

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~200 mg/mL (~498.80 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.86 mg/mL (7.13 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 28.6 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.86 mg/mL (7.13 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 28.6 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)