Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.Members of the type I and type II cytokine receptor families depend on the JAK family of tyrosine kinases to phosphorylate and activate downstream proteins involved in their signal transduction pathways because they lack catalytic kinase activity.The receptors have two intracellular signal-transducing domains because they are paired polypeptides. Each intracellular domain contains a proline-rich region called a box1/box2 region that is close to the cell membrane and where JAKs bind. The two JAKs are brought close enough to phosphorylate one another after the receptor undergoes a conformational change following association with the corresponding cytokine or ligand. By further phosphorylating and activating STAT transcription factors, JAK autophosphorylation causes a conformational change within itself, enabling it to transduce the intracellular signal. When STATs are activated, they separate from their receptor and coalesce into dimers before moving into the cell nucleus, where they control the transcription of particular genes.
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