JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), a kinase subfamily belonging to the MAPK, is activated in response to various stress stimuli and possesses a wide variety of regulatory functions.Three isoforms of the serine/threonine protein kinase JNK family (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3) exist. JNKs play a role in the development and progression of many pathologies, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.
JNKs are triggered by a phosphorylation cascade that typically involves two different upstream kinases, the so-called MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAP3K, MKKK) and the MAP kinase kinases (MAP2K; MKK). This process is similar to that used to activate the other MAP kinases. JNKs are triggered by MKK4 and MKK7 at the MAP2K level; the former is a shared activator of the JNK and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways. The JNK cascade is a component of a complicated signaling network since it crosses numerous other routes at different places.
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